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Shanghai Journal of Stomatology

Table of Content

    25 December 2019, Volume 28 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    Original Articles
    Effect of osthole on periodontal remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in rats
    YUAN Wen-xiu, WANG Xu-xia, ZHANG Li-na, SU Yu-ran, YANG Fan, ZHANG Jun
    2019, 28 (6):  561-566.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.001
    Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (5348KB) ( 283 )  
    PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of osthole on periodontal remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in rats. METHODS: Seventy two 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly equally divided into 3 groups: two experimental groups of osthole with low (20 mg/kg) and high (40 mg/kg) concentration and the control group. Models of OTM were routinely established. Rats in the experimental groups were respectively given osthole by intragastric administration, while rats in the control group received the same volume of solvent. The rats were sacrificed on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after orthodontic treatment, and the maxilla was harvested and the distance between the first and second molar was measured in each stage. Hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) staining were performed. The results were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package for one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The mesio-moving distance of the three groups successively increased gradually. On the 7th day, there was no difference between the low concentration group and the control group (P> 0.05); at other time point, the experimental groups exhibited significant differences from the control group(P< 0.05), and the high concentration group had more obviously mesio-movement than the low concentration group(P< 0.05). Histological observation showed that in the tension side, osteoblast appeared, but more apparent in the experimental groups than in the control group. In the pressure side, the number of osteoclast reached the peak at the 7th day, and much more osteoclasts were seen in the experimental groups than in the control group (P< 0.05), in high concentration group than in low concentration group (P< 0.05). The number of osteoclast decreased subsequently, but significant difference existed between the experimental groups and the control group (P< 0.05) on the 14th day. At other time points, there was no significant difference among the three groups(P> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Osthole could increase the number of osteoclast in periodontium and promote bone remodeling at the early stage of treatment, its effect is dose-dependence during OTM.
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    Effect of LncTUG1 on NK cell killing sensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by targeting miR-212-3p
    WANG Pei, TANG Chun-bo, LI Bin, FU Zong-yun
    2019, 28 (6):  567-571.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.002
    Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (3738KB) ( 232 )  
    PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of LncTUG1 on NK cell killing sensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. METHODS: Oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were used as experimental objects in vitro. TUG1 siRNA was transfected,the expression of TUG1, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and NK cell killing rate were detected by qRT-PCR, MTT, flow cytometry and LDH. Bioinformatics software was used to predict that TUG1 and miR-212-3p will target and complement each other, so luciferase reporter vector was constructed and the targeting relationship was identified. TUG1 siRNA and miR-212-3p inhibitor were co-transfected into oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, the effects of miR-212-3p inhibitor on TUG1 siRNA on proliferation, apoptosis and NK cell killing sensitivity of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were evaluated. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: TUG1 siRNA could significantly reduce the expression of TUG1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (P=0.000), decrease cell proliferation (P=0.001), promote cell apoptosis (P=0.000), increase the killing rate of NK cells (P<0.01). TUG1 siRNA targeted to increase the expression of miR-212-3p. miR-212-3p inhibitor could reverse the effects of TUG1 siRNA on proliferation, apoptosis and NK cell killing rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: Down-regulation of TUG1 targeting and negative regulation of miR-212-3p inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis and improves NK cell killing sensitivity of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.
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    Effect of calcium on proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle cells
    ZHAO Xian, ZENG Jin, ZUO Dong-chuan, XU Jie, YU Jing-hong, XU Xiao-mei
    2019, 28 (6):  572-577.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.003
    Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (4553KB) ( 202 )  
    PURPOSE: To determine the role of Ca2+ in proliferation,migration and osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle cells(hDFCs). METHODS: hDFCs were isolated and cultured. The source of hDFCs was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Osteogenesis and adipogenic differentiation of hDFCs was detected by alizarin red staining and oil red O staining, to identify its multi-directional differentiation ability. A series of Ca2+ solutions with different concentrations was prepared, CCK8 assay was used to detect the proliferative abilities at 1, 3, 5, and 7 d;migratory ability of 24 h was detected by Transwell assay. Calcium nodules were detected by semiquantitative analysis of alizarin red staining. mRNA expression of osteogenic differentiation related genes was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, 3,4 and 5 mmol/L Ca2+ significantly promoted proliferation of hDFCs at 3, 5 and 7 d (P<0.05). 3, 4, 5 and 6 mmol/L Ca2+ significantly promoted the migration of hDFCs at 24 h(P<0.01). High concentration of Ca2+ had no significant effect on its proliferation and migration. The results of alizarin red staining showed that when Ca2+ concentration reached 4 mmol/L, formation of mineralized nodules were increased(P<0.01), and Ca2+ concentration-dependent. RT-qPCR results showed that Ca2+ up-regulated the expression of RUNX2 and OCN in osteogenic differentiation genes (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Low Ca2+ concentration is beneficial to proliferation and migration, and high Ca2+ concentration is beneficial to osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle cells.
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    Fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars restored with different CAD/CAM all-ceramic restorations
    LV Ji-xin, YU Wei-qiang, SHE Wen-jun, WENG Wei-min
    2019, 28 (6):  578-580.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.004
    Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (2285KB) ( 244 )  
    PURPOSE: This study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars restored with different CAD/CAM all-ceramic restorations in vitro. METHODS: Mesio-occluso-function tip(MOF) cavities were prepared in 21 extracted human maxillary premolars due to endodontic treatment. The teeth were divided into 3 groups. G1:conventional composite resin; G2: cavities;G3: conventional composite resin with a horizontal glass fiber post inserted palatal walls. Restorations were fabricated from a pressable lithium disilicate glass-ceramic and adhesively cemented (Rely X U200). Then, the specimens were subjected to a compressive load at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. The fractured specimens were analyzed to determine the fracture pattern using a stereomicroscope. SPSS 15.0 software package was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: G3（1570.7±108.7） had higher failure load than G1(1214.6±95.8) and G2(1285.9±87.6)(P<0.05). G1 was similar to G2.The crown was lost in G1 and G2. There was a fracture of the crown and tooth in G3. CONCLUSIONS: CAD/CAM all-ceramic crown with fiberglass posts might be an effective method for restoration of endodontically treated premolars with MOF cavity defect.
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    Comparison of dentinal microcracks formation in severely curved root canal with different Ni-Ti instruments
    TANG Yu-hong, XU Rui, ZHU Qian, RAN Xing
    2019, 28 (6):  581-585.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.005
    Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (3589KB) ( 212 )  
    PURPOSE: This study was aimed to compare the incidence of dentinal microcracks produced by 3 kinds of Ni-Ti instruments during root canal procedures in severely curved canals. METHODS: Two hundred and forty extracted human molars with mesial roots of 25° to 40° curvatures were selected and divided into A, B, C group, with 80 teeth in each group according to root curvature of 25°-30° （excluding 25° ）, 30°-35° ,35°-40°. Each of them was prepared with K file to 15#. Then, each group was divided into 4 sub-groups (n=20), one was as control, the others were prepared with WaveOne, ProTaper Next and M3-Pro, respectively. After preparation, all roots were stained with 1% methylene blue for 24 hours. The roots were then sectioned at the most curved plane and 2mm below and above the most curved plane with alow-speed saw under cold water. Stereomicroscope was used to inspect dentinal microcracks and differences between each group were analyzed using Chi-square test with SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: Microcracks were observed in the group of WaveOne, ProTaper Next and M3-Pro. WaveOne system induced more dentinal microcracks compared with ProTaper Next and M3-Pro system (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between ProTaper Next and M3-Pro system (P>0.05). The number of dentinal microcracks in WaveOne, ProTaper Next and M3-Pro group increased with the increase of root curvature. Except Waveone in group A (25°-30°) and group C (35°-40°), the occurrence of dentinal microcracks in two groups had significant difference (P<0.05), there was no significant difference among other groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to WaveOne, ProTaper Next and M3-Pro are more suitable for severely curved canal preparation.
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    Effect of dihydroartemisinin on multidrug resistance of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line KBV200 by regulating ROS-MAPK pathway
    LIU Zu-zhi, ZHAO Yong-xing, LIN Jian-neng, ZHOU Guo-ping
    2019, 28 (6):  586-590.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.006
    Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (3972KB) ( 264 )  
    PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on multidrug resistance of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line KBV200 and to explore its relationship with ROS-MAPK pathway. METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of DHA on proliferation of KB and KBV200 cells. MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition rates of cisplatin (DDP), vincristine (VCR), adriamycin (ADM), etoposide (VP-16) on proliferations of KB and KBV200 cells and the changes after DHA addition, combined with ROS inducer 3-AT, ERK inhibitor UO126, JNK inhibitor SP600125, and p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, respectively, the difference of reversal before and after intervention was observed; the fluorescence intensity of ROS was measured by flow cytometry. SPSS 17.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Compared with KB cells, drug resistances of KBV200 cells to VCR, VP-16 and ADM were significantly increased(P<0.05), after 10, 20, and 30 μg/mL DHA treatment; the IC50 of KBV200 cells to VCR, VP-16 and ADM was decreased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner(P<0.05). Compared with KB cells, ROS fluorescence intensity of KBV200 cells decreased(P<0.05); after DHA treatment, ROS fluorescence intensity increased significantly, IC50 of VCR, VP-16, ADM decreased significantly(P<0.05), which was consistent with ROS promoter effect. Compared with KB cells, the levels of p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK, p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK in KBV200 cells increased significantly (P<0.05); after DHA treatment, the levels of p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK, p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK decreased significantly, IC50 of VCR, VP-16, and ADM increased significantly(P<0.05); after adding ERK inhibitor UO126, JNK inhibitor SP600125, and p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, IC50 of VCR, VP-16, and ADM to KBV200 cells were further reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Dihydroartemisinin may reverse multidrug resistance of KBV2001 cells by promoting ROS production and inhibiting MAPK pathway.
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    Temporal expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 during the development of experimental periodontitis in rats and its implications
    YANG Xu, YANG Xiao-han, ZHANG Wen-zhen
    2019, 28 (6):  591-596.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.007
    Abstract ( 227 )   PDF (4476KB) ( 299 )  
    PURPOSE: To study the temporal expression of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) in the development of periodontitis in rats. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into control group and model group, and 4 subgroups were divided in each model group according to the time of measurement: group A (1 week), group B (2 weeks), group C (3 weeks) and group D (4 weeks). There were 8 rats in each subgroup. Maxillary periodontitis models were made by using "thread ligation + vaccination LPS-PG" in rats. Periodontal tissue specimens were examined and bone resorption areas were determined in each group. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) mRNA in periodontal tissue in each group were determined by RT-PCR method. PD-1 and PD-L1 protein expression in periodontal tissues in each group were determined by Western blotting. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: During modeling period, amelocemental junction-alveolar crest(ACJ-AC) distance and bone resorption area of the first molar in model group gradually increased (P<0.05), which were significantly different from the control group at the corresponding time point (P<0.01). During modeling period, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA level in periodontal tissues in the model group was continuously increased(P<0.05), and TGF-β mRNA was continuously decreased(P<0.05), which was significantly different from the control group at the corresponding time point(P<0.01). During disease progress, PD-1 and PD-L1 protein level in periodontal tissues in each model group was continuously increased(P<0.05), which was significantly different from the control group at the corresponding time point (P<0.01); and PD-1 and PD-L1 protein levels in periodontal tissues in each model group was positively correlated to TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA levels(P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: PD-1, as an immunosuppressive molecule and its receptor PD-L1, can promote the progression of periodontal inflammation, and its effect may be achieved by regulating the expression of TNF-α and IL-6.Regulating the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 may be a new target for the treatment of periodontitis.
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    Comparison of edge fitness and metal-ceramic bonding force of base metal crowns performed using two methods
    LIU Li, LI Bo, YU Yong-fang
    2019, 28 (6):  597-600.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.008
    Abstract ( 392 )   PDF (3011KB) ( 182 )  
    PURPOSE: To compare the marginal fitness and metal-ceramic bonding strength between laser printing metal crown and cast cobalt-chromium alloy crown. METHODS: Cobalt-chromium alloy crowns (n=10)(group A) were made by laser printing and another 10 by traditional casting (group B), respectively. All the first molar crowns were metal substitutes, and the basal crowns were placed in the standard substitutes. The marginal fitness of the basal crown was assessed by observing the margin of the basal crown and the shoulder gap of the substitution under stereomicroscope. Shear test of the basal crown was carried out by universal tester to evaluate the bonding strength between the metal and the porcelain. The differences of the marginal fitness and the bonding strength between the two methods of making basal crown were compared. SPSS 25.0 sofware package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The gap between the metal base crown and the generation shoulder of group A was significantly smaller than that of group B[（48.52±5.26)μm vs (76.25±8.37)μm, P<0.05]. The intensity was significantly higher than that of group B [（11.35±3.29）N vs （7.24±2.07）N, P<0.05]. Under electron microscope, the metal layer of group A was more closely combined with the porcelain layer. CONCLUSIONS: The marginal fitness and bonding strength of metal base crowns made by laser printing and traditional casting methods are acceptable. Laser printing metal base crowns have better marginal fitness and stronger bonding strength between metal and porcelain, which is an ideal technology for metal base crowns.
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    In vitro study of apical negative pressure irrigation on apical extrusion and E. faecalis elimination
    LU Jia-ping, HUANG Zheng-wei, QIAN Wen-hao
    2019, 28 (6):  601-604.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.009
    Abstract ( 244 )   PDF (3090KB) ( 195 )  
    PURPOSE: To compare the efficiency of negative pressure irrigation and conventional syringe irrigation and evaluate the possibility as a new way of irrigation. METHODS: In vitro silicone socket model was used to simulate the resistance of apical flow by apical surrounding tissues. The in vitro efficacy on apical extrusion and E.faecalis elimination between negative pressure irrigation and conventional syringe irrigation was compared. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Negative pressure irrigation extruded less (P<0.05), and was more effective in E.faecalis elimination(P<0.05) than conventional syringe. CONCLUSIONS: Negative pressure irrigation is a promising irrigation technique during root canal therapy.
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    Inhibiting effect and mechanism of Lactobacillus E6-1 on oral cancer cell line Cal-27
    GAO Lei, SUN Zhi-hui, YU Hao, JING Jian-xin, XU Zhong-qiu, LI Xiao, ZHANG Nan
    2019, 28 (6):  605-609.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.010
    Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (3385KB) ( 168 )  
    PURPOSE: To study the effect of Lactobacillus E6-1 on proliferation and apoptosis of human oral cancer cell line Cal-27 in vitro. METHODS: MTT assay was carried out by different concentrations of Lactobacillus E6-1 on Cal-27 to detect the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, and the effect on DNA was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. The expression levels of cyt-c, caspase-9 and caspase-3 in each group was detected by Western blot. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: The results of MTT assay showed that E6-1 had obvious inhibitory effect on Cal-27 in a dose-dependent manner. DNA ladder in Cal-27 cells was induced by different concentrations of E6-1 (10, 20, 40 mg/mL). Compared with blank control group, Western blot results showed that the expression of cyt-c, caspase-9 and caspase-3 increased significantly(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus E6-1 can inhibit the proliferation of Cal-27 and effectively induce apoptosis of tumor cells In vitro.
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    Study on the mechanism of endothelial progenitor cells in periodontal revascularization during orthodontic tooth movement
    CHEN Wan-hong, CAI Shi-xiong, WU Xiao-rong
    2019, 28 (6):  610-615.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.011
    Abstract ( 267 )   PDF (4425KB) ( 213 )  
    PURPOSE: To investigate the mechanism of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs) bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: Experimental tooth movement model was established. EPCs were isolated, cultured, and labeled with 10 μmol/L Brdu and injected into rats through tail vein to observe the distribution in periodontal tissue. VEGF was added to EPCs culture medium, cell proliferation ability was measured by MTT assay, cell adhesion was observed under microscope. Transwell assay was used to observe cell migration ability, and VEGF immunohistochemical staining sections of model rats at different time points were made. The expression of VEGF in periodontal tissues at different time points was defected. All data were imputed into SPSS 20.0 software package for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A rat model of tooth movement was successfully established. EPCs were isolated from cardiac blood. Some spindle-shaped EPCs were observed under microscope and injected into model rats using Brdu-labeled EPCs. With the increase of time, the intensity of fluorescence gradually increased. In the 3d specimen, the fluorescence intensity reached the strongest. The gap between the first and second molars in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group at each time point, with significant difference(P<0.05). The results of VEGF immunohistochemical staining showed that both the tension side and the pressure side of the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05). The expression of VEGF in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts reached a maximum at 14 days. EPCs proliferation and adhesion experiments demonstrated that VEGF promoted proliferation of EPCs and enhanced their adhesion. Transwell experiments showed that VEGF promoted chemotaxis of EPCs.VEGF regulated the biological effects of EPCs. CONCLUSIONS: EPCs can be accumulated in periodontal tissues and participate in periodontal bone remodeling. After EPCs chemotizing to periodontal tissues, they participate in the remodeling of periodontal tissues through mutual regulation of VEGF and other factors, and promote periodontal tissue repair and bone remodeling.
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    Evaluation of continuous curvilinear buccal-cervical incision in combined radical resection of buccal cancer
    YAO You-dan, LI Da-shuai, YANG Rong, WU Xiao-shan, GAO Xing, GUO Feng
    2019, 28 (6):  616-621.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.012
    Abstract ( 501 )   PDF (4776KB) ( 203 )  
    PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of continuous curvilinear buccal-cervical incision in combined radical resection of buccal cancer. METHODS: From January 2015 to December 2018, a total of 87 patients with buccal cancer were collected, of whom 42 underwent continuous curvilinear buccal-cervical incision (experimental group) and 45 underwent conventional cervical T shaped incision combined with a buccal incision (control group). Exposure of surgical filed in two groups was evaluated. The length of incision, duration of radical resection, and the incidence of postoperative complications were compared between two groups. The patients were followed-up for 7-43 months. Modified vancouver scar scale (VSS) and University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) were used to evaluate the postoperative scar and quality of life in both groups. Statistical analysis was performed on the data using SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: The length of the incision in the experimental group was (36.40±5.08) cm, which was shorter than that of the control group (39.93±5.22) cm. Duration of combined radical resection in the experimental group was shorter than that of the control group. The incidence of neck complications in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. The postoperative scar assessment and quality of life of the experimental group were better than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the exposure of the surgical field, postoperative recurrence and metastasis rate. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous curvilinear buccal-cervical incision has good exposure of the surgical field and shorter duration of radical resection, which ensures en bloc resection of tumor and cervical lymph nodes. It limits the formation of skin cicatrix, reduces the occurrence of postoperative complications and results in a good aesthetic and functional effect, therefore it is a recommended incision for clinical practice.
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    Epidemiological investigation and analysis of risk factor of tooth loss in older people aging 65-74 years in Shanghai
    BIAN Tian-ying, ZHANG Hao, MAO Yan-min, DONG Hua, HUA Min, JIANG Yi-wei, WANG Yan
    2019, 28 (6):  622-626.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.013
    Abstract ( 423 )   PDF (3920KB) ( 318 )  
    PURPOSE: To investigate tooth loss status and associated risk factors in older adults aging 65-74 years in Shanghai. METHODS: Seven hundred and seventy-six participants aging between 65-74 years were randomly selected in a cross-sectional study according to the requirements of the fourth national oral health epidemiological investigation of China. Data was obtained via questionnaires and clinical examination. Non-parametric analysis was performed to compare the numbers of lost teeth and molars between groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess risk factors for tooth loss with SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: The average numbers of lost teeth and lost molars were 5.94 and 2.59, respectively. 42.3% subjects had periodontal pockets and 83.0% had at least 4 mm attachment loss. Males lost more teeth and molars than females (P<0.05). Smoking was a risk factor for maintaining functional dentition, especially when the smoking amount reached 6/d (odds ratio=1.88, 95% confidence interval: 1.231-2.872, P<0.01). Less than 6 years schooling and occupation requiring hard physical labor were also important risk factors for tooth loss. CONCLUSIONS: Gender, oral hygiene habits, smoking, educational level and occupation are important risk factors for tooth loss in 65-74 year old adults in Shanghai.
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    Using Q methodology to investigate motives of seeking orthodontic treatment from parents' perspectives of cleft lip and/or palate patients
    TANG Xia, CHEN Yang, CHEN Zhen-qi
    2019, 28 (6):  627-631.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.014
    Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (3935KB) ( 227 )  
    PURPOSE: This study was aimed to use Q methodology to find out why parents of cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) patients want their children to undergo orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Q methodology involved five phases.①concourse, collecting all viewpoints from CLP patients' parents on seeking orthodontic treatment. ②Q sample, Selecting 36 items from the concourse. ③P sample, forty varieties of parents whose children were CLP patients and want to have braces. ④Q sort, participant- ranked statements (Q sample) in order of relative significance using an enforced distribution grid (Q grid). ⑤analysis: using PQMehtod 2.35 vision to analyze the data. RESULTS: Three factors were identified as representing the most widespread views of the majority of the parents. Group 1 consisted of parents of 13 CLP patients marked as factor 1: responsibility as parents. The parents of 8 participants made up group 2 designated as factor 2: parents' anxiety for their children's wellbeing. Group 3 was made up of parents of 9 CLP patients marked as factor 3: oral function. The opinions of the remaining participants did not fit into any of the outlined three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Parents' motives to seek orthodontic treatment for their children are complicated. Most CLP patients' parents are categorized into three different groups. Understanding these motives will help orthodontists frame their treatment discussions with parents and improve cooperation of both patients and parents.
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    Clinical application of two extraction methods of impacted teeth combined with immediate implantation
    SONG Yong, LI Xiang, CAI Man, WANG Yao-hui
    2019, 28 (6):  632-635.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.015
    Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (2831KB) ( 213 )  
    PURPOSE: To observe the effects of immediate implantation combined with high-speed turbine minimally invasive technology and traditional technology on postoperative analgesia, mouth opening and alveolar bone resorption after removal of complex impacted teeth. METHODS: Eighty patients with impacted teeth treated in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2018 were randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental group and control group with 40 cases in each group. Patients in the experimental group were treated with high-speed turbine minimally invasive surgery combined with immediate implantation, while patients in the control group were treated with traditional surgery combined with immediate implantation. Differences in alveolar bone resorption, pain, swelling, limited mouth opening, intact extraction socket and complications were compared between the two groups. SPSS 19.0 software package was used to perform statistical analysis. RESULTS: Three months after operation, the implant height of the maxillary anterior teeth, maxillary molar, mandibular anterior teeth and mandibular molar areas in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group. One day after operation, the VAS score of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P <0.05). Three months after operation,there was no significant difference in VAS score between the two groups (P>0.05); but intact extraction socket, swelling degree and mouth opening limitation of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group. The root fracture, adjacent teeth loosening, gingival tear, lingual bone plate fracture of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: High-speed turbine minimally invasive treatment combined with immediate implantation after extraction of complex impacted teeth can significantly increase alveolar bone resorption, relieve swelling and preserve intact extraction socket, reduce pain and complications after operation. It is recommended to be popularized in clinic.
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    Treatment of combined periodontal-pulpal lesions with periodontal therapy
    QIU Cheng-hao, YU You-cheng, XU Pei-cheng
    2019, 28 (6):  636-639.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.016
    Abstract ( 299 )   PDF (2889KB) ( 257 )  
    PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effects of periodontal therapy for combined periodontal-pulpal lesions. METHODS: One hundred and nine patients with periodontal-pulpal lesions were included in this study, with total 120 teeth. All the teeth were treated by perfect root canal therapy, and than divided into group A and B. Group A was treated with periodontal therapy (60 teeth). After 2 weeks of root canal therapy, basic periodontal therapy was performed. After 6 weeks, patients with more than 5 mm periodontal pockets and bleeding after probe were treated with valvuloplasty. Group B underwent non-periodontal treatment (60 teeth), root canal therapy and supragingival scaling alone. The patients were followed up for 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after operation. SPSS 22.0 software package was used to analyze the indexes at initial diagnosis and 24 months after operation. RESULTS: In group A, the depth of periodontal pockets was significantly reduced before and after PD, from(5.966±1.877) mm to(5.133±1.935) mm. The periodontal pocket depth of group B was significantly increased before and after operation, from(5.533±1.856) mm to (6.167±1.927) mm. The degree of tooth mobility (TM) before operation was similar between the two groups (P>0.05). Two years after operation, the degree of TM in group A was significantly lower than that in group B (P<0.05). There was no significant change in alveolar bone resorption before and after operation in group A (P>0.05). The alveolar bone resorption in group B changed significantly before and after operation (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Root canal therapy combined with periodontal therapy for combined periodontal-pulpal lesions can achieve good results. It can be widely used in clinic.
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    Effects of topical application of doxycycline on avulsed permanent teeth
    LIU Yi, ZHU Zheng, SUN Chu-wen, ZHAO Jun-jun, ZHU Ming-yi
    2019, 28 (6):  640-643.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.017
    Abstract ( 476 )   PDF (3152KB) ( 247 )  
    PURPOSE: To evaluate the treatment effect of topical doxycycline on avulsed permanent teeth compared with normal saline. METHODS: A total of 44 avulsed teeth from 38 patients (22 boys and 16 girls, aged 7-14 years) were recruited. Twenty-one teeth in group A were treated with doxycycline for 5 min before replantation while 23 teeth in group B were treated with saline solution. All participants were followed up for at least 12 months. The clinical outcome differences between 2 groups was evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: In group A, 18 teeth were found pulp necrosis, 3 with infection-related resorption, 13 with ankylosis-related resorption and 6 were extracted. In group B, 16 were diagnosed with pulp necrosis, 4 with infection-related resorption, 12 with ankylosis-related resorption and 7 were extracted. No significant differences were found between the two groups on pulp survival and periodontal healing. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with treatment with normal saline, avulsed permanent teeth treated with doxycycline did not show a better clinical outcome.
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    Correlation between high-risk TP53 mutation and extracapsular spread in oral squamous cell carcinoma
    SHI Lei, TAO Feng, LIU Rui-min, LIU Qiao-rong
    2019, 28 (6):  644-647.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.018
    Abstract ( 494 )   PDF (3241KB) ( 214 )  
    PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between high-risk tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutation and extracapsular spread(ECS) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS: The data of 88 OSCC patients admitted to Gansu Provincial People's Hospital from January 2013 to January 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into non-lymph node metastasis group (A1), lymph node metastasis without ECS group (A2), lymph node metastasis with ECS group(A3) according to the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis. The deletion of exon 5-8 of TP53 gene in primary and metastatic lesions was detected. The correlation of ECS with disease-free survival(DFS), overall survival(OS) rate and TP53 mutation were determined, and single factor analysis of ECS was performed. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: TP53 (5) homozygote deletion was found in all three groups. TP53 (6) homozygous deletion was found in group A3 (10/30). No homozygous deletion of TP53(7) was found in three groups.Homozygous deletion of TP53 (8) was found in group A2(7/42), group A3(10/30) and group A3(10/60).The 1-year and 3-year DFS rates were 75.00% and 70.83% in group A1, 70.59% and 58.82% in group A2, 46.67% and 40.00% in group A3, with significant difference(P<0.05). The 1-year and 3-year OS rates were 83.33% and 75.00% in group A1, 73.53% and 50.00% in group A2, 46.67% and 40.00% in group A3 , with significant difference(P<0.05). In group A3, there were 4 cases (13.33%) of low-risk TP53 mutation (LR), 12 cases (40.00%) of high-risk TP53 mutation (HR), 4 cases(13.33%) of wild-type TP53 mutation (Wt), and 10 cases(33.33%) of other mutations. HR mutation and other mutations occurred more frequently than other types(P<0.05). Smoking, primary lesion size, wild type/low risk and high risk/others were correlated with ECS(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ECS is an important marker of DFS and OS in OSCC patients, and high-risk mutations were common in ECS, indicating a certain correlation between high-risk mutations of TP53 and ECS in OSCC.
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    Study on improving the practical ability of specialized nurses in micro-endodontics by cooperative medical and nursing training
    ZOU Ya-qing, LI Qing, ZHANG Jian-zhen
    2019, 28 (6):  648-651.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.019
    Abstract ( 240 )   PDF (2985KB) ( 223 )  
    PURPOSE: To explore the effect of cooperative training between doctors and nurses on improving the practical ability of micro-endodontics specialist nurses. METHODS: Twenty-two nurses in the Department of Endodontics were trained by specialist directors and doctors. The head of department nursing explained in the form of teaching and simulated exercises of medical and nursing training. Before and after the training, theoretical and practical abilities of the trained nurses were assessed, and self-made questionnaires were used to investigate the training effect. The results were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 software package. RESULTS: Twenty-two trained nurses were compared before and after training in theoretical knowledge and practical ability. Statistical analysis showed that the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Questionnaire survey showed that 95.5% of trained nurses believed that they could enhance the sense of solidarity and cooperation, 100% of trained nurses believed that they could increase the efficiency of operative therapy, 100% of doctors believed that medical and nursing cooperation training could increase the nursing skill proficiency of trained nurses, and the cooperation of trained nurses was predictable. CONCLUSIONS: Cooperative training broadens the specialty knowledge of endodontic specialist nurses, improves their proficiency in cooperation with endodontic specialists and their tacit understanding with doctors, and evidently improves their theoretical and practical abilities.
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    Analysis of cortical density in zygomatic alveolar ridge of different vertical facial types
    WANG Yu-qiao, CHI Jing-wen, LIU Yi-fan, FENG Feng, WU Hui, LIU Wen
    2019, 28 (6):  652-656.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.020
    Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (3552KB) ( 214 )  
    PURPOSE: To measure the density of the cortex in the zygomatic alveolar ridge region of adults by 3D reconstruction, and to analyze the differences of cortical bone density between different vertical facial types in the zygomatic alveolar ridge in different vertical facial types. METHODS: Spiral CT scanning data of 48 patients (24 males and 24 females) were chosen for 3D reconstruction and divided into 3 groups(low-angle group, average-angle group and high-angle group) according to the size of the mandibular plane angle (FH-MP), 18 points at which the six planes of the zygomatic alveolar ridge on the left of the upper jaw intersected at 13, 15 and 17 mm above the baseline(the horizontal line of mesial buccal tip of the first maxillary molar) were measured. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between genders, there was significant difference among different vertical bone facial types (P<0.05）, among which the low-angle group [(1331.65±185.70) HU] was the highest and the high-angle group [(1245.62±207.63) HU] was the lowest. There was significant difference in BMD between different sites in different vertical facial types and the sites with the highest BMD in each group were located at 17 mm above on the occlusion plane. Cross-sectional evaluation showed that the high-angle group was located at the level of the proximal and middle buccal root of the first molar, and the mean-angle group was located between the proximal and distal buccal root, and the low-angle group was located at the level of the distal buccal root of the first molar. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant difference in density and distribution of bone cortex in zygomatic alveolar ridge between different vertical facial types in adults, which provides a reference basis for adults to select appropriate site of micro-implant anchorage and to ensure the stability of anchorage in orthodontic treatment.
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    Clinical observation of delayed implantation and immediate implantation after minimally invasive extraction
    HUANG Ning, XIA Fei-ran, ZHANG Yue
    2019, 28 (6):  657-661.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.021
    Abstract ( 551 )   PDF (3929KB) ( 330 )  
    PURPOSE: To explore and compare the clinical effects of delayed implantation and immediate implantation after minimally invasive extraction. METHODS: Eight-six patients from Nanjing Tongren Hospital who underwent minimally invasive extraction of the upper and lower mandibular anterior teeth and premolars from April 2013 to April 2018 were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group. Forty patients in the control group were treated with delayed implantation after minimally invasive extraction, while 46 in the experimental group underwent immediate implant treatment after minimally invasive extraction. The success rate of the two groups of patients was compared, and the implant stability, the depth of probing around the implant, the aesthetic effect, and the bone level at the edge of the implant and the satisfaction after follow-up were recorded 3 months after implantation and at the day of permanent repair. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: After treatment, the success rate of the control group was 100%, and the success rate of the experimental group was 100%(P>0.05). The ISQ of the 2 groups 3 months after implant placement and at the day of permanent repair had no significant difference(P>0.05); the depth of probing around the implants in the experimental group was smaller than that in the control group, but the difference was not significant(P=0.80); the total satisfaction of the experimental group was greater than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.044); one year after repair, the gingival nipple index was in grade 1-3, the soft tissue shape was good, all achieved good gingival aesthetic effect, the difference between the two groups was not significant(P=0.66). PES score of the control group was 7.65±1.32, and 8.25±1.19 in the experimental group, the difference was significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the amount of bone absorption both in the mesial and distal sides between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After minimally invasive extraction, both immediate and delayed implant placement can achieve good clinical results. Although all the implants have good stability,immediate implantation has higher satisfaction, better aesthetic effect and good clinical application prospects.
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    Study on soft and hard tissue changes and stability of early treatment of Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion with T4K appliances
    TIAN Li-li, ZHANG Jing-long, JIANG Yong
    2019, 28 (6):  662-665.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.022
    Abstract ( 340 )   PDF (2697KB) ( 247 )  
    PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of early treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion with T4K appliance on soft and hard tissue changes and prognosis of patients with mixed teeth. METHODS: Twenty patients with Class II malocclusion, 11 males and 9 females, aged from 9 to 14 years, with an average age of 11.05 years, were selected. All patients were treated with T4K appliance for 12 months. The changes of soft and hard tissues before, 12 months after and 36 months after orthodontic treatment were measured and compared, to explore the stability of T4K appliance in the treatment of Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion. The data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 software package. RESULTS: The hard tissue indexes U1-NA, U1-NA, L1-NB, L1-NB were significantly decreased (P<0.05) and U1-L1 was significantly increased (P<0.05). Soft tissue index UL-U1, LL-L1 increased significantly (P<0.05);overjet, overbite, E-upper-lip, E-lower-lip decreased significantly (P<0.05); nasolabial angle, sulcus dip, soft tissue thickness significantly increased (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between 12 months and 36 months after treatment (P>0.0.5). CONCLUSIONS: T4K appliance used for early treatment of Class Ⅱ malocclusion can correct patients' poor oral habits, improve the relationship between oral and maxillofacial soft and hard tissues, with good long-term efficacy and stable curative effect.
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    Combination of NITI cantilever arm and casting frame in correcting lingually inclined mandibular molar
    LIN Ting-xu, ZHAO Ning, QIAN Wen-hao, MA Xiao-qing
    2019, 28 (6):  666-669.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.023
    Abstract ( 545 )   PDF (2986KB) ( 242 )  
    PURPOSE: To study the effect of NITI cantilever arm in correcting lingually inclined mandibular molar. METHODS: Sixteen patients whose single mandibular second molar was lingually inclined were chosen. The intra-mandibular anchorage was achieved by means of cast frame which connected the bilateral mandibular posterior teeth. The splint disoccluded the lingually inclined second molar with the antagonist. The cantilever arm of 0.018 inch×0.025 inch or 0.019 inch×0.025 inch NITI wire was used to provide buccal rotation moment and intrusion force. Graphpad Prism 6.0 software was applied for data analysis. RESULTS: All the lingually inclined second molars were uprighted, the axial change relative to the sagittal plane was 24°±1.2°(P<0.01).The change of the distance from the mesial lingual cusp of the lingually inclined second molar to the sagittal plane was 3 mm±0.8 mm (P<0.05). The anterior overbite was almost unchanged and the periodontal condition was healthy. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of casting frame with NITI cantilever arm can provide effective mechanics to correct lingually inclined mandibular molars.
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    Dental Education
    A study on the development of English teaching model of stomatology
    GUO Qian-yun, LI Wen-xia, WANG Jia, YIN Li-hua
    2019, 28 (6):  670-672.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.06.024
    Abstract ( 250 )   PDF (2143KB) ( 315 )  
    With the development of China's economy, the field of stomatology has also made considerable progress. With the increase of people's demand for dental medical support, it is urgent to cultivate stomatological professionals with a more international perspective and international communication and competition in the field of production, teaching and research. Through literature search, this paper addressed the significance and role of English teaching in stomatology, explored the characteristics and advantages of different teaching modes, in order to provide ideas on how to carry out English teaching in stomatology more effectively.
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