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25 April 2019, Volume 28 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The effect of Streptococcus mutans luxS gene on mixed-species biofilm communities HE Zhi-yan, ZHOU Wei, HUANG Zheng-wei, LIANG Jing-ping, JIANG Wei 2019, 28 (2):  113-117.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.001 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (4150KB) ( 52 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of S.mutans luxS gene on mixed-species biofilms communities. METHODS: Biofilms were formed by S. mutans (wild type strain, its luxS overexpression strain and luxS knockout strain) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC4356) with a ratio of 1:1 at 37℃ for 4 h, 14 h and 24 h. MTT assay was used to detect the quantification of the biofilms formed. The structures of biofilms were observed under confocal laser scanning microscopy after 24 h, and expression of biofilm-related genes (ftf, smu630, brpA, gbpB, gtfB, vicR, comDE and relA) was investigated by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: The results showed that biofilm formed by S. mutans(wild type strain, its luxS overexpression strain and luxS knockout strain) and L.acidophilus after 14 h were 0.481±0.024, 0.591±0.023 and 0.279±0.019, respectively. The same findings were present after 24 h, the biofilm formed by S.mutans overexpression strain with L.acidophilus was higher than wild type strain, and the biofilm formed by knockout strain significantly decreased; but there was no significant difference at 4 h time points. CLSM images revealed that both S.mutans overexpression strain and its wild type strain tended to aggregate into distinct clusters and dense structures, whereas the luxS knockout strain appeared relatively sparse. Compared with wild type strain, all of the genes examined were upregulated in the biofilms formed by the overexpression strain, and were downregulated in the biofilms formed by the luxS mutant strain in mixed-species biofilm. CONCLUSIONS: S.mutans luxS gene can affect mixed-species biofilm formation with L.acidophilus, which provides evidences for further study. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on fatigue and fracture resistance of metal ceramic crowns with CAD/CAM-fabricated titanium copings LIAN Song-feng, LIN Ching-kai, TSAI Kung-tsan, CHANG Yen-hsiang 2019, 28 (2):  118-122.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.002 Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (3631KB) ( 52 )   PURPOSE: To compare the fatigue and fracture resistance of metal ceramic crowns (MCCs) with nickel-chromium and CAD/CAM-fabricated titanium copings. METHODS: Twelve premolar MCCs were fabricated with cast nickel-chromium alloy (Ni group) and CAD/CAM-fabricated titanium (Ti group) copings, respectively. To minimize the differences among specimens, the geometric dimensions of the MCCs were tested with a laboratory scanner and digital measurement software and then adjusted. After cemented to identically milled titanium dies, each specimen was subjected to thermocycling (5-55℃, 5000 cycles) and cyclic loading (75000 cycles) test, followed by a static load-to-fracture test to measure the fracture loads(F). The fractures were characterized using stereomicroscope. SPSS13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean fracture loads were (1645±356)N for Ni group and (1555±331)N for Ti group. No significant difference was observed (P=0.525). Most of the fractures were confined to the palatal third. The chief failure mode for all specimens from Ni group and most of the specimens from Ti groups was mixed failure. Adhesive failure was noted in 3 specimens from Ti group. CONCLUSIONS: The fracture resistance of MCCs with CAD/CAM-fabricated titanium copings is similar to that of MCCs with nickel-chromium copings. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of strontium-containing cross-linked sodium alginate gel on adhesion and proliferation of pre-osteoblasts ZHANG Man, LI Hao, XU Ting, LIU Jie, TAN Fei 2019, 28 (2):  123-127.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.003 Abstract ( 174 )   PDF (4428KB) ( 45 )   PURPOSE: To study the physicochemical properties of bismuth-containing cross-linked alginate gel, to observe and detect the adhesion and proliferation of mouse MC3T3-E1 cells in gluten-containing cross-linked alginate gel and provides a theoretical basis for alginate injectable tissue engineering scaffolds. METHODS: Five sets of electrolytes with a final concentration of 4 g/L were prepared and cross-linked with sodium alginate solution, respectively. The compression modulus and swelling ratio of each group of gels were measured. Cells were inoculated on the surface of the composite gel, FDA/PI cells were stained to observe the adhesion morphology of the cells. Data were statistically analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software package. RESULTS: The swelling rate of double distilled water and PBS increased with the increase of Sr2+ concentration. The results of compression modulus showed that the strength of group C was significantly higher(P<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the pores of the composite gel increased with the increase of Sr2+ concentration. Microscopy and FDA/Pi staining showed that the cells were scattered in the initial stage of cell inoculation. CONCLUSIONS: The composite gel formed by mixing equal proportion of strontium ions may be used as a new type of excellent cell scaffold material in bone tissue engineering. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of resveratrol on the expression of MIP-2 in P.e-LPS-induced mouse osteoblasts YU Ya-qiong, LI Xiao-lin, QIU Li-hong, QU Liu, YANG Di, WANG Hui-Jun 2019, 28 (2):  128-132.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.004 Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (3849KB) ( 44 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharides(LPS) extracted from Porphyromonas endodontalis(P.e) on the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) mRNA and protein levels in MC3T3-E1 cells and the influence of resveratrol on the expression of MIP-2 protein in P.e-LPS induced cells. METHODS: MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with different concentrations of P.e-LPS(0-50 mg/L) and 20 mg/L P.e-LPS for different time (0-48 h). The expression of MIP-2 mRNA and protein was detected by real-time RT-PCR and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MC3T3-E1 cells were pretreated with resveratrol for 1 h in the presence of 20 mg/L P.e-LPS for 24 h,which was detected by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett t test with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: Treatment of MC3T3-El cells with different concentrations of P.e-LPS(0-50 mg/L) caused a significantly increase in MIP-2 mRNA and protein expression in dose-dependent manners.The expression of MIP-2 protein increased from (41.86±2.49) ng/L to (3126.74±158.30) ng/L, and the difference was significant(P<0.05). In the observation time (0-48 h), the impact of 20 mg/L P.e-LPS on induction of MIP-2 in MC3T3-El cells exhibited a time-dependent manner. At 48 h, the maximal induction of MIP-2 protein expression was (2102.55±123.27) ng/L(P<0.01). Incubation of cells with 10 μmol/L resveratrol for 1h significantly decreased the expression of MIP-2 protein from (1805.33±67.54) ng/L to（813.82±47.21) ng/L, and the difference was significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that P.e-LPS may mediate MIP-2 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells, and resveratrol has a significant inhibitory effect on this process. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of two manual mixing methods on the accuracy of alginate impression ZHOU Li-hui, WANG Di, HUANG Hai-ying, ZHANG Yong-fang 2019, 28 (2):  133-135.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.005 Abstract ( 1635 )   PDF (2286KB) ( 38 )   PURPOSE: The effect of clockwise mixing method and clockwise combined eight-shaped mixing method on the accuracy of alginate impression was compared. METHODS: From march to April 2018, 40 dental restoration cases in the Department of Stomatology, Zhoupu Hospital, Pudong District, Shanghai were selected. Two nurses and the same doctor treated 40 patients with single crown porcelain restoration. Two sets of models were taken by two kinds of mixing methods, which were divided into experimental group and control group. Clockwise manual mixing method was used in the control group to take the model, while clockwise combined eight-shaped mixing method was used in the experimental group to take the model. SPSS 24.0 software package was used for Mann-Whitney rank sum test. RESULTS: The same high-grade technician used a magnifying glass to observe the prepared impression, recorded the shoulder print, the sulcus wing and bubble generation, and comprehensively evaluated the impression quality. A comparison was made between the two groups, Z=-4.634, P<0.001, and the difference was statistically significant. Among them, the ratio of excellent quality of the clockwise combined eight-shaped mixing method (77.5%) was significantly higher than that of the clockwise mixing method (10%), and the proportion of level IV unqualification (2.5%) was significantly lower than that of the clockwise mixing method (27.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of impression using clockwise combined eight-shaped mixing method is higher than that of the clockwise method, which improves the success rate of the mold and reduces the discomfort caused by repeated impression. Application of this technique is helpful to the promotion of occult knowledge among nurses. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparisons of five different resin-removal methods on enamel surface NIU Ye, Ahmad Ghiaz Hussien Anbar, JIN Yi, ZHANG Ze-yu, XIAO Li-wei 2019, 28 (2):  136-140.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.006 Abstract ( 669 )   PDF (3975KB) ( 41 )   PURPOSE: To compare enamel surface state and operating time following debonding by using 5 different resin removal methods. METHODS: Forty healthy human premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose were selected and then divided into 5 groups randomly based on different resin-removal methods, 8 in each group. After regular bonding brackets and debonding, tungsten carbide bur (group A), tungsten carbide bur+silicon particles(group B), corundum bur(group C), corundum bur+silicon particles (group D) and silicon particles (group E) were used respectively to deal with the enamel surfaces. The operating time(T) of each group was recorded. The samples were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM), and enamel damage index(EDI) was recorded. The scores of EDI were analysed using SPSS 20.0 software package . RESULTS: The order of EDI was group C>group D>group A >group B>group E, significant difference was found between 5 groups (P<0.05). The order of operating time was group E>group D>group B>group A>group C, significant difference was found between 5 groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using tungsten carbide bur followed by silicon particles to remove residual resin on enamel surface causes less damage to the enamel surface, and requires reasonable time. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of skeletal structure of temporomandibular joint through cone-beam CT between Angle ClassⅠ, Ⅱ1, Ⅱ2, Ⅲ malocclusion patients with permanent dentition SONG Jung-yul, QIAN Li-wen, CHENG Ming-jia, QIAN Yu-fen 2019, 28 (2):  141-147.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.007 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (5017KB) ( 71 )   PURPOSE: To compare characteristics of temporomandibular joint and related structures according to gender and Angle Ⅰ, Ⅱ1, Ⅱ2 and Ⅲ class. METHODS: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) was performed in 123 patients with malocclusion, and three-dimensional reconstruction was performed with Mimics 19.0 software. The anterior, upper, and posterior spaces of temporomandibular joint, width and depth of acetabulum, height and horizontal angle of condyle, radius of condyle, and anteroposterior and long-axis diameter of condyle were analysed on sagittal plane. The position of condyle in the joint fossa was analyzed using Pullinger methods. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the long axis and radius of the condyles between Class Ⅰ and Ⅲ, Class Ⅰ and Ⅱ1, respectively (P<0.05). The widest acetabulum was observed in Class Ⅲ, followed by Class Ⅰ, Ⅱ1, and Ⅱ2. Moreover, the deepest acetabulum was found in Class Ⅱ2, followed by Class Ⅱ1, Ⅰ, and Ⅲ. No significant differences were detected in the left and right condyle-related structures among different temporomandibular articulation. In addition, the anterior articular space was significantly larger in Class Ⅰ patients, compared with Class Ⅱ2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in condylar morphology, joint space, joint fossa morphology and condylar position between different Angle classifications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of short-term clinical effect and assessment of influencial factors around single-tooth in the aesthetic area: immediate implant placement versus delayed implant placement XIE Yan-ting, JIANG Lu-lu, HE Jing, DENG Chun-fu, ZHAO Bao-hong 2019, 28 (2):  148-153.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.008 Abstract ( 235 )   PDF (4864KB) ( 46 )   PURPOSE: To compare the short-term clinical effect and to assess the influencial factors of immediate implant placement and delayed implant placement around single-tooth implant in the aesthetic area. METHODS: A total of 114 patients requiring a single-tooth implant in the aesthetic area were reviewed at Center for Implant Dentistry of Stomatological Hospital of China Medical University. They were divided into immediate implant group and delayed implant group. The patients were followed up for 1 year after upper structure rehabilitation, and the pink esthetic score and the marginal bone absorption around the implants were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: After 1 year of upper structure rehabilitation, 114 implants were stable and the marginal bone absorption around the implants of the immediate implant group was (0.36±0.39) mm,significantly smaller than the delayed implant group [(0.79±0.67)mm, P<0.001]. The difference in PES score between the two groups were not statistically significant on the day of rehabilitation and 1 year after upper structure rehabilitation（P>0.05）. Significant improvement of PES on the day of rehabilitation and 1 year after upper structure rehabilitation and marginal bone absorption was found with flapless surgery. SLA and DAE surface treatment methods had no significant impact on PES and marginal bone absorption (P>0.05). Graft procedure had an unfavorable effect on PES value both on the day of rehabilitation and 1 year after upper structure rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Under appropriate indications, immediate implant placement and immediate repair could reduce the time of missing teeth. The marginal bone absorption of immediate implant group is smaller than delayed implant group. Flapless surgery avoids damage to gingival tissue, reduces postoperative reaction and improves the aesthetic outcomes after repair. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of 3D printing in the treatment of unilateral comminuted zygomatic bone fracture LI Li-feng, TU Jun-bo, HOU Chen-qun, HU Xiao-yi 2019, 28 (2):  154-157.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.009 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (2822KB) ( 37 )   PURPOSE: To explore the validity of 3D printing technique in the treatment of unilateral comminuted zygomatic bone fracture. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with unilateral comminuted zygomatic bone fracture were included in the present study, which were treated from hospital January 2014 to April 2017. All patients underwent CT scan and the data were imported in Mimics 10.01 software. The zygomatic bone of healthy side was mirrored to the fracture side to rebuild a "perfect" reduction model. Bone fixation plates were pre-modeled on the model printed by a 3D printing machine and used for bone reduction and fixation during operation. Three dimensional measurements were performed to evaluate the validity of 3D printing based on pre- and post-operative three dimensional CT model. SPSS25.0 software package was used to perform paired t test on the measured data. RESULTS: No significant difference were observed between postoperative CT model and preoperative "perfect" reduction model. All patients were satisfied with their facial appearance. CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing technique is helpful to improve the accuracy of reduction of unilateral comminuted zygomatic bone fracture via preoperative pre-modeling. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three dimensional study on change ratios of hard and soft tissue after orthognathic surgery WU Yu-tong, SUN Jian, LI Ya-li, CHEN Li-qiang, CHEN Chen, DENG Nan, LI Li, WANG Zhi-hao 2019, 28 (2):  158-164.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.010 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (5058KB) ( 39 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the change ratios of soft and hard tissue after orthognathic surgery three-dimensionally in osseous Class Ⅲ patients, in order to predict postoperative soft tissue three-dimensionally. METHODS: Twenty adult patients were selected as the experimental group, craniofacial spiral CT and three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry were conducted 2 weeks before surgery and 3 months after surgery. Dolphin imaging software was used to establish 3D image digitizing model and 3D measurement coordinate system. Nineteen soft and hard tissue land marks were selected and matched into 12 pairs. 3D coordinate value of these landmarks were read both before and after surgery and were used for statistical analysis with SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: There was a linear relationship only in Pn/A, Gn'/Gn and Me'/Me in X axis, in Gn'/Gn in Y axis and all pairs of landmarks had a close correlation except UL'/UI and UL/SPr in Z axis. Additionally, the change ratio between soft and hard tissue landmarks of mandible was greater than maxilla. CONCLUSIONS: The changes of soft and hard tissue after orthognathic surgery only lie in Z axis(forward and backward), each pair of matched landmarks exhibits a linear relationship, and the change ratio of mandible is greater than the maxilla. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation of preoperative anxiety and postoperative quality of life in patients with periodontal mucogingival surgery WANG Wei-qian, HUANG Yue-hua 2019, 28 (2):  165-170.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.011 Abstract ( 729 )   PDF (3815KB) ( 48 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate preoperative anxiety and postoperative quality of life in patients with periodontal mucogingival surgery, and provide a theoretical basis for preventing preoperative anxiety and improving postoperative quality of life in mucogingival surgery. METHODS: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 patients with mucogingival surgery were randomly selected, including 13 cases undergoing free gingival graft and 13 cases undergoing subepithelial connective tissue graft. All patients were asked to answer the following questionnaires which included self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS), pain evaluation using visual pain scale (VAS), clinical performance evaluation (swelling, bleeding, nausea, oral odor), and oral function evaluation (chewing, speaking, sleeping, working). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 software package. RESULTS: The preoperative SAS score was 44.33±11.99, 4 patients had anxiety, accounting for 15.38%. The preoperative MDSA score was 9.85±2.41, 4 patients had anxiety, accounting for 15.38%. The VAS values at 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, and 10 days after surgery were moderate pain (4.54±1.32), mild pain (3.31±1.31), mild pain (2.00±1.14), and painless( 0.70±0.72), painless (0.08±0.27). The VAS values at 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days after FGG were greater than those after CTG (P<0.05).The most common discomforts after mucogingival surgery were swelling, bleeding, disturbance in chewing and speech. Swelling, disturbance in chewing and speech persisted until 7 days after surgery, and bleeding continued until 5 days after surgery. The postoperative discomfort of FGG was significantly higher than that of CTG. CONCLUSIONS: Four had preoperative anxiety prior to mucogingival surgery. The main clinical symptoms after surgery were moderate to mild pain, swelling, bleeding, disturbance in chewing and speech within 1-7 days after surgery. The effect of CTG on the quality of life of patients was significantly less than that of FGG. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study on using multiple kinds of sternocleidomastoid flaps or free flaps to repair defects in oral cancer surgery YANG Xiao-chen, GAO Ce, XU Hao-yue, FENG Yuan-yong, SONG Kai, SHANG Wei 2019, 28 (2):  171-174.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.012 Abstract ( 347 )   PDF (3137KB) ( 46 )   PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of using multiple kinds of sternocleidomastoid flap or free flaps to repair defects after oral cancer surgery. METHODS: Twenty-eight cases using sternocleidomastoid flaps and 30 cases using free flaps were included in this study. Operation was performed in 58 patients with oral cavity cancer. The basic and surgical informations, and postoperative function were analyzed between two groups with SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: The tumor size mostly belonged to T1-T2, and the primary sites were the tongue, lower gingiva, floor of mouth, base of tongue or oropharynx in patients undergoing sternocleidomastoid flaps, whose average age was higher, surgical time was shorter, systemic diseases was more serious, and surgical cost, hospital stay, tracheotomy rate was less than patients undergoing free flaps (P<0.05). Patients in the two groups had similar oral function after surgery (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Selection of sternocleidomastoid flaps or free flaps for repairing oral cancer defects is dependent on a variety of factors such as the age of patients, the size and location of tumor, metastasis of cervical lymph nodes and the general conditions. Sternocleidomastoid flap is a good choice for patients with advanced ages, small size of lesions (T1-T2) and concomitant systemic diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of modified root directional flap applied for implant surgery in the secondary implantation of maxillary posterior teeth CHEN Run, QIU Bing-yan, CHENG Hui 2019, 28 (2):  175-178.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.013 Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (3037KB) ( 39 )   PURPOSE: To explore the reconstruction method of buccal keratinized gingiva around implant in posterior maxillary area, and to evaluate its clinical effects and periodontal condition around the implants. METHODS: A total of 11 implants were selected by screening from 11 patients who had inadequate keratinized gingiva and needed to undergo secondary operation. An optimized root directional flap technique was applied to reconstruct keratinized gingiva in the stage of secondary operation. Crown restoration was finished 6 weeks after surgery and the patients were recalled 3 months after dental restoration. Effective keratinized mucosal width was recorded separately before the operation, crown restoration and 3 months after restoration. Clinical periodontal examination was conducted 3 months after restoration including probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and periapical film. SPSS19.0 software package was used for paired t test. RESULTS: The average keratinized mucosal width was (1.44±0.34) mm and (3.30±0.36) mm before operation and after crown restoration, respectively.There was an average increase of 1.86 mm in effective keratinized mucosal width compared with preoperative value (P<0.05). Three months after restoration, the newly health keratinized gingiva remained stable without obvious inflammation. The mean width was (3.34±0.33) mm (P=0.58). Clinical periodontal examinations showed a mean PD of 2.83±1.20 and the mean BOP of 18.2%. CONCLUSIONS: By using modified root directional flap technique in the secondary implant operation, the buccal keratinized gingiva around the implants can be effectively reconstructed. The short-term outcomes are satisfactory. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of premolars scissor bite on the sagittal position of mandible LI Jia, LU Shu-juan, LI Le, SHI Ya-jie, LU Ping, TIAN Yu-lou 2019, 28 (2):  179-183.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.014 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (3498KB) ( 42 )   PURPOSE: To study the effect of adolescent premolar scissor bite on the sagittal position of mandible and provide proper reference for correct orthodontic diagnosis and right time to treatment. METHODS: One hundred adolescents (54 females, 46 males) with scissor bite of premolars(70 were unilateral,30 were bilateral) were selected as experimental group between 2004 to 2017 from the Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of China Medical University. Among them, 54 females served as female group, 46 males served as male group; 30 were bilateral and 70 were unilateral. Lateral cephalograms were recorded before treatment. 16 sagittal hard tissue variables on maxilla and mandible were measured cephalometrically by Winceph 9.0 software, and the cephalometric data were analyzed statistically by using SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with normal occlusion, Beta angle, SNB, SND, ANB, AB-Plane angle, APDI, convexity angle, facial angle, Wits, Co-Po showed statistically significant difference in both unilateral group and bilateral group (P<0.05). In addition, Go-Pog showed statistically significant difference between normal occlusion and unilateral group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with premolar scissor bite restricts the sagittal position of mandible and tend to have skeletal Ⅱ sagittal jaw relationship. Scissor bite affects the growth of mandible and makes mandibular body length and mandibular length less than normal. More attention should be paid to scissor bite as early as possible to decrease the harmful effects on growth of mandible and sagittal jaw relationship. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical observation of using Er,Cr:YSGG water laser to control endondontic interappointment pain ZHOU Lei, WANG Jia, ZANG Yan-jun 2019, 28 (2):  184-186.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.015 Abstract ( 565 )   PDF (2448KB) ( 38 )   PURPOSE: This study was to explore the role of Er, Cr：YSGG water laser in relieving endodontic interappointment pain (EIAP) during root canal therapy. METHODS: A total of 272 cases with chronic pulpitis and chronic periapical periodontitis were selected from the Department of Endodontics of our hospital from June 2015 to June 2017, they were randomly divided into 2 groups, 136 cases in each group. After routine root canal preparation, the teeth in group A were sealed with calcium hydroxide paste after Er, Cr : YSGG water laser treatment, while teeth in group B were sealed with calcium hydroxide paste. Caviton (GC company, Japan) was used for temporary fillings in both groups, occurrence and outcomes of postoperative EIAP were recorded and compared. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among the two groups, there was no significant differences in EIAP (P>0.05) immediately and 1 week after surgery, but there was significant difference in the occurrence of EIAP between the first day, the second day and the third day after surgery (P<0.05). Group A had the lowest incidence of EIAP. CONCLUSIONS: Er, Cr: YSGG water laser can effectively reduce pain after root canal therapy, and can effectively shorten pain duration for patients; therefore, it is worthy of wide clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nursing cooperation during maxillary sinus lateral fenestration and bone grafting CHEN Ying, ZHU Cao-yun, XIA Ye 2019, 28 (2):  187-190.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.016 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (2904KB) ( 43 )   PURPOSE: To summarize the experience and effect of holistic quality nursing during perioperative period of maxillary sinus lateral fenestration. METHODS: From January 2010 to December 2016, there were a total of 26 patients with maxillary sinus lateral fenestration in the First Dental Clinic Department. Through observation and analysis of nursing cooperation combined with psychological nursing in the perioperative period, coordination and postoperative nursing, the overall experience and effect of holistic quality nursing were summarized. RESULTS: All 26 patients received effective bone increment after operations without any complications. Nursing cooperation and psychological nursing were essential and effective during perioperative period of maxillary sinus lateral fenestration. CONCLUSIONS: Modern holistic quality nursing embodied thoughtful preoperative preparation, suitable psychological nursing, accurate nursing cooperation and postoperative meticulous care follow up, which plays an important role in the success of maxillary sinus lateral fenestration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Reports

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Dens in dente: report of 3 cases and review of the literature ZHANG Yan, SONG Wen-bin, FU Shuang, LI Hui-xu, WAN Chun-yan 2019, 28 (2):  191-195.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.017 Abstract ( 503 )   PDF (3967KB) ( 44 )   PURPOSE: To explore the diagnosis and clinical treatment of dens in dente. METHODS: Preventive resin restoration, root canal treatment, apical barrier technique and apexification were used to treat three cases of dens in dente, respectively. The curative effects were assessed by general examinations and imageological examinations during postoperative follow-up visits. RESULTS: Three patients with different type and degree of dens in dente achieved good therapeutic effect and favorable prognosis through different treatment methods. CONCLUSIONS: Dens in dente is complex clinically and the treatment is difficult. Clinicians should improve the understanding of dens in dente. The keys to successful treatment are early diagnosis and early treatment. In addition, it is important to take proper measures according to the type and degree of dens in dente, to preserve the diseased tooth as much as possible. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Summary of 61 cases of removable denture restoration in children with congenital tooth deficiency GUO Tian-wen, XING He-lin, WANG Jing, WANG Bao-cheng 2019, 28 (2):  196-200.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.018 Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (3246KB) ( 50 )   PURPOSE: To explore the methods and characteristics of removable denture restoration in children with congenital missing teeth. METHODS: From 1998 to 2018, 61 children aging 3 to 12 years old with congenital dental deficiency were treated with removable dentures. There were 59 males and 2 females. Removable denture prostheses were designed according to the characteristics of the children and the residual teeth in the mouth. There were 42 complete dentures in 21 cases, 40 single jaw complete dentures and maxillary removable partial dentures in 20 cases and 40 removable partial dentures in upper and lower jaw, totally 61 cases and 122 dentures. RESULTS: After wearing the removable denture, the appearance, chewing and pronunciation of the children were improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Although the etiology of congenital tooth defect is not completely clear, children can have early denture restoration. It solves the difficulty of eating, improves appearance and pronunciation, and promotes growth and physical and mental health of children. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modified palatoplasty for children of Pierre Robin sequence with cleft palate：clinical analysis of 12 consecutive cases CHEN Xiao-yang, GE Ting, FU Yu-chuan, CHEN Chuan-jun 2019, 28 (2):  201-203.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.019 Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (2229KB) ( 41 )   PURPOSE: To explore a safe, effective and functional surgical treatment for children of Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) with cleft palate. METHODS: Twelve children of PRS with cleft palate underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis before cleft palate surgery in order to correct severe hypoxia. A modified palatoplasty was then performed, the palatal flaps on both sides were not elevated in the anterior portions to prevent soft palate backward moving, and the levator veli palatini was repositioned simultaneously. RESULTS: All children achieved velopharyngeal closure without dyspnea after follow-up of 10-12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Measures should be taken to avoid backward movement of the soft palate, which may result in dyspnea of children with PRS in palatoplasty. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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Measurement and analysis of dental education environment in College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University HE Song-lin, WANG Jin-hua 2019, 28 (2):  204-206.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.020 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (2081KB) ( 39 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the degree of satisfaction with educational environment among dental students in College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University. METHODS: In 2017, students' perceptions of the educational environment were evaluated using the 50-item DREEM. SPSS 24.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 260 valid questionnaires were recovered. The total Cronbach's α coefficient of DREEM was 0.915, and the total score of the DREEM was 164.99±19.53. CONCLUSIONS: The DREEM showed excellent internal consistency for the overall scores, and the education environment of dental education in our college is at a very good level. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Systemic Review

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Locally delivered macrolides as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment of chronic periodontitis: a meta analysis LIU Qiu-yue, ZHANG Yi, LI Jing, XIANG Xue-rong 2019, 28 (2):  207-217.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.021 Abstract ( 245 )   PDF (7714KB) ( 49 )   PURPOSE: The present meta analysis was designed to determine the effects of macrolides group of antibiotics as local drug delivery agents to scaling and root planing (SRP), compared with SRP alone or plus placebo. METHODS: Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted to select randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SRP + macrolides versus SRP alone using the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, EMbase, CNKI, Wanfang database and VIP data until August 2018. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies. RevMan 5.3 was applied for meta analysis. RESULTS: Seven papers were obtained, which included 439 patients with chronic periodontitis.Meta analysis showed that in the two groups, the changes in probing depth（PD）[MD=0.77, 95%CI(0.48-1.05), P<0.00001], clinical attachment loss（CAL）[MD=0.74, 95%CI(0.39-1.10), P<0.0001],plaque index（PI）[MD=0.30, 95% CI(0.17-0.43), P<0.00001],modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI)[MD=0.23, 95%CI(0.15-0.32), P<0.00001]at 3 month and 6 month of PD[MD=1.15, 95%CI(0.41-1.89), P=0.002] were significantly different, the difference of CAL[MD=0.92, 95%CI(0.43-1.40), P=0.0002], PI[MD=0.51, 95%CI(0.07-0.95), P=0.02] and mSBI[MD=0.18, 95%CI(0.07-0.29), P=0.002] was also significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SRP combined with local macrolides adjuvant treatment for chronic periodontitis is effective in short-term observation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Upper airway changes in patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ maxillary retrognathia after rapid maxillary expansion and protraction: a meta-analysis JIANG Wei, XIA Song, YUE Hui, LI Xiao-zhi 2019, 28 (2):  218-224.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2019.02.022 Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (4987KB) ( 39 )   PURPOSE: This study was to evaluate the upper airway changes in patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ maxillary retrognathia after rapid maxillary expansion and protraction. METHODS: An electronic search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, CBM, VIP and Wanfang was performed until March 1st, 2018. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two investigators respectively reviewed the literature and selected eligible studies, then assessed the risks of bias and extracted the data of the included studies. The extracted data were quantitatively analyzed with Revman 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies were included for meta-analysis. The results showed that, after treatment the nasopharyngeal volum(P<0.05) increased significantly. However, no statistically significant differences in oropharyngeal volume(P>0.05) and hypopharyneal volume (P>0.05) existed. The nasopharyngeal airway dimensions had increased significantly with the following measurements: PNS-ad1 (P<0.05), PNS-ad2(P<0.05). However, no statistically significant differences in lower pharynx dimension existed with the following measurements: MPS(P>0.05), IPS(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid maxillary expansion and protraction can increase nasopharyngeal volume and sagittal airway dimensions in skeletal Class Ⅲ subjects with maxillary retrusion. It may be suggested that rapid maxillary expansion and protraction have the potential to reduce the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children with maxillary retrusion by enlarging airway space. References | Related Articles | Metrics