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Experts consensus on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for malocclusions at early developing stage FANG Bing, JIN Zuo-lin, BAI Yu-xing, WANG Lin, ZHAO Zhi-he, LI Wei-ran, BAI Ding, HE Hong, LIU Yue-hua, HU Min, SONG Jin-lin, CHEN Li-li, CAO Yang, WU Ting-xi, LI Song, LI Huang, SHI Jie-jun, CHU Feng-ting Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (5): 449-455.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.001 Abstract （715）      PDF （861KB）（1015）       Knowledge map    Early orthodontic intervention remains a controversial notion in current dental care regime. Whilst early orthodontic treatment for children is the province for orthodontic specialists, a growing number of general practitioners, who may not possess sufficient specialty knowledge, are also involved, raising the concerns about the propriety and quality of their treatment modalities. However, orofacial development of children and adolescents is in a very complicated environment. Comprehensive theoretical knowledge and a great wealth of practical experience are required to ensure the final treatment effect. The possible complications should be kept under control and fully informed to patients and their parents. In order to unify and standardize early orthodontic treatment protocol and help to promote healthy and orderly development of early orthodontic treatment, this consensus summarized the practical experience of orthodontic experts from many famous colleges and affiliated hospitals for clinical reference. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The orthodontic therapeutic principles for malocclusions concurring with temporomandibular joint disorders SHEN Gang Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (4): 337-343.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.04.001 Abstract （543）      PDF （2978KB）（544）       Knowledge map    The biological nature of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) featuring adaptive remodeling allows for TMJ structural changes in response to external stimuli, including alterations in occlusion and in mandibular posture. Correlative susceptibility exists between malocclusions and TMJ disorders (TMD), evidenced by high incidence of TMD coinciding with skeletal originated malocclusion with facial prognathsim (Angle Class I skeletal II high angle). Clinical manifestations include markedly retruded mandible together with increased overjet, or mandibular transverse deviation, due to condylar pathological resorption. It is critically imperative to execute differential diagnosis between the routine malocclusions and those infringed with TMD. The prime stipulations governing the orthodontic procedures include the patient's notification of the existential TMD conditions prior to any orthodontic interventions, close inspections of TMD developments during the treatment, and a specially designed retention protocol aftermath. For the cases where severe overjet and mandibular displacement occur as a result of TMD, some specific orthopedic modalities can be implemented to improve the occlusion by restoring the shifted mandible. TMD conditions are also expected to be relieved with mandibular repositioning, which encourages new bone formation in the degraded condyles. The newly developed clear version of orthopedic appliances, namely, S8-SGTB, S8-SGHB, S9 and S10 are of promising efficacy in treating this category of patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Orofacial myofunctional therapy improves facial morphology of children with obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy SHAN Hua-qing, WANG Yu-hui, YU Li-ming, LI Xiao-yan, LIU Yue -hua Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (4): 389-393.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.04.010 Abstract （650）      PDF （790KB）（328）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: This study investigated the effectiveness of orofacial myofunctional therapy(OMT) in improving facial morphology of children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after adenotonsillectomy (AT). METHODS: Ten children aged from 4-7 years with persistent oral breathing for more than 1 month after adenotonsillectomy were chosen to receive orofacial myofunctional therapy. The patients were required to take photos before and after orofacial myofunctional therapy. In order to compare the soft changes before and after OMT treatment, twelve representative mark points were selected and used for proportion and angle measurements. Graphpad Prism 8 statistical software was used for statistical analysis, to compare the differences in facial morphology of patients before and after treatment. RESULTS: Compared with before OMT, a significant difference was found in the proportion of Sn-Ls/Sn-Stms(P=0.0002), Sn-Stms/Sn-Me'(P<0.05), as well as in the angle of Gs-Sn-Pos (P<0.05), nasolabial angle(P=0.0005), mentolabial angle (P=0.0026) after OMT treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Orofacial myofunctional therapy can be considered as an effective complementary treatment for OSA patients with oral breathing after adenotonsillectomy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of the upper airway in children with Class Ⅱ mandibular retrusion and snoring during night before and after functional treatment by sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance CHEN Nan, XIONG Bin, ZHANG Ting, XIA Wen-qian, LU Jian-feng, GAO Mei-qin Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (3): 273-277.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.010 Abstract （719）      PDF （1226KB）（323）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To study the changes of dimension and morphology of upper airway in children with ClassⅡ mandibular retrusion after functional treatment by sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance. METHODS: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) data of upper airway of the subjects were measured by Dolphin 11.5 software and Mimics 17.0 software , and the changes of dimension and morphology of upper airway before and after functional treatment with sagittal-guidance Twin-block(SGTB) appliance were compared. SPSS 16.0 software package was used for data processing. RESULTS: After functional treatment,the volume of total upper airway,nasopharynx airway, oropharynx airway, the sectional area of tip of the epiglotti(TE), the lateral diameter of TE, the base of the epiglottis(EB) significantly increased (P<0.05) in children with SGTB appliance. CONCLUSIONS: SGTB functional treatment is effective in the treatment of skeletal ClassⅡ mandibular retrusion of children by increase of the upper airway and improvement of respiration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of digital crown extension guide in aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth WANG Xue-chun, WANG Yong, XU Xiao-bo, HAO Xin-he Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2022, 31 (3): 260-264.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.03.007 Abstract （309）      PDF （749KB）（323）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of three-dimensional digital smile design (3D-DSD) combined with double positioning crown extension guide in aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. METHODS: Twenty patients who needed aesthetic crown lengthening and full crown restoration of upper anterior teeth were selected and randomly divided into the experimental group and control group, with 10 cases in each group. The experimental group carried out 3D-DSD, after confirming the plan, 3D printed double positioning crown extension guides were used to guide aesthetic crown lengthening, and full crown was completed 3 months after operation. The control group used traditional aesthetic crown lengthening and full crown restoration. PES/WES evaluation was performed before operation, three months and six months after operation. Visual analogue scales(VAS) were used to evaluate patient satisfaction 6 and 7 months after surgery, and the repeatability evaluation of VAS was conducted. The correlation between PES/WES score and overall satisfaction was analyzed 6 months after operation. SPSS 23.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The PES/WES scores of the two groups of patients at 3 months and 6 months after operation were higher than those before operation(P<0.05). The two groups showed that the scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group for PES 3 months after operation, PES and WES 6 months after operation(P<0.05).Satisfaction survey results showed that the intra-group correlation coefficient of the two VAS results was 0.956(P<0.05),and crown length-to-width ratio, smile curve, personality characteristics, patient participation and overall satisfaction in the experimental group were better than those of the control group(P<0.05).The results of Speraman correlation analysis showed that PES and WES scores at 6 months after operation were positively correlated with overall satisfaction (rs1=0.905, P<0.001; rs2=0.460, P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: 3D digital smile design combined with double positioning crown extension guide guides the anterior aesthetic crown lengthening and restoration treatment, which can improve the effect of pink and white aesthetics after treatment and patient satisfaction. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of mid-palatal suture opening and midfacial bony structure changes induced by maxillary skeletal expansion in adults CHUNG Miri, LYU Zheng-zhan, ZHU Bo-kai, WANG Xi-jun, QU Ran-yi, FAN Lin-feng, JIANG Ling-yong Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (3): 316-322.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.019 Abstract （1141）      PDF （1144KB）（316）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To analyze the opening of mid-palatal suture, transverse changes in dental and dentoalveolar measurements and shift of midfacial bony structures induced by maxillary skeletal expansion (MSE) with cone-beam CT (CBCT), and to evaluate the effect of maxillary skeletal expansion and its influence on adjacent bony structures in adults. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 12 adult patients with maxillary transverse deficiency (4 males, 8 females) at a mean age of (21.17±4.13) years old. All patients were treated with MSE. After treatment, the posterior crossbite was corrected, and the width of the maxillary arch was achieved the optimal width. Pre- and post-treatment CBCT exams were taken before and after MSE treatment. Multiplanar coronal and axial slices obtained from CBCT images were used to measure the changes in transverse widths, angular changes and tooth inclination with Dolphin Imaging 11.9. SPSS 26.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After MSE treatment, the anterior nasal spine width increased by (2.38±1.01) mm, posterior nasal spine width increased by (2.25±1.08) mm (P<0.01). The inter-crown and inter-apex distance at the first molar increased by (5.56±1.38) mm and (4.14±1.29) mm, respectively (P<0.01). No significant difference was seen in terms of tooth inclination of the first molar(P>0.05). Pterygoid process angle, pterygoid process width, anterior inter-maxillary distance, upper and lower inter-zygomatic distance were significantly larger after treatment (P<0.01), while the inter-temporal distance and bilateral zygomaticomaxillary angle remained unchanged(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MSE has a favorable effect in adult patients with parallel skeletal expansion of the mid-palatal suture achieved after expansion. The teeth present with certain buccal inclination but show no significant movement relative to the alveolar bone. The midfacial bony structures also shift in three-dimensional under the effect of the expansion force. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical efficacy of the combination of miniscrew with clear aligner in controlling the roller coaster effect MA Xiao-qing, XIANG Fei, FAN Ming-yue, SONG Yi, WANG Xiao-hui, ZHANG Ling, QIAN Wen-hao Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2022, 31 (2): 193-197.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.02.015 Abstract （458）      PDF （1173KB）（309）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical efficacy of miniscrew in controlling the roller coaster effect in long-distance space closure with clear aligner. METHODS: Sixteen adult patients with bimaxillary protrusion were selected. All cases were treated with clear aligner and their four first premolars were extracted. G6 was designed in all cases. In the experimental group, four miniscrews were inserted at the beginning of treatment to control the teeth in three dimensions; while in the control group, the miniscrews were not applied until obvious roller coaster effect appeared. Paired t test was used to analyze the data with Graphpad Prism 6.0 software package. RESULTS: All the extraction space was closed successfully and the lateral profile was improved significantly. The torque of the upper incisor was under well control and no roller coaster effect happened in the experimental group; while in the control group, the lingual inclination of the upper incisors and open bite of the posterior teeth developed(P<0.05). After the miniscrews intrusion of the upper anterior teeth, the occlusion relationship improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Miniscrews effectively prevents and eliminates the roller coaster effect in the process of long-distance space closure with clear aligner. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Insight into the role of IGF2BP1 in drug resistant mechanism of oral squamous cell carcinoma XIE Fei, QIN Xing, TONG Tong, JIANG Ying-ying, ZHANG Jian-jun Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (5): 456-461.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.002 Abstract （231）      PDF （1278KB）（297）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: This study focused on the role and mechanism of IGF2BP1 in cell cisplatin resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Low-dose intermittent induction method was used to induce cisplatin-sensitive oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line HN30, and establish cisplatin-resistant cell line HN30/DDP. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression level of IGF2BP1 in parental and resistant cell line. Knockdown or overexpression of IGF2BP1 by RNAi and lentivirus transfection method was utilized to analyze the effect of decreased or increased the gene expression of IGF2BP1 on cisplatin resistance. MTT method was used to detect the change of IC50. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: Cisplatin-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line was successfully established. The IC50 of the drug-resistant cells was significantly higher than that of the parental cells. Knocking down the expression level of IGF2BP1 in drug-resistant strains reduced cell resistance; on the contrary, after overexpression of IGF2BP1 in parental cells dramatically increased cisplatin resistance. Mechanically, activation of Akt signaling pathway was the key factor mediating IGF2BP1 to promote cisplatin resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: IGF2BP1 is significantly associated with cisplatin resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. IGF2BP1 can promote cisplatin resistance of oral squamous cells by activating downstream Akt signaling pathway. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the influence of different implant-abutment joint design on abutment and abutment screw stress GAO Yuan, CHEN Jie, WANG Gao-qi, LI Yun-kai, BIAN Cui-rong Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (5): 481-487.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.007 Abstract （266）      PDF （1648KB）（296）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: This experiment studied the influence of different connection designs of the tapered retention and platform transfer implant on the stress of the abutments and abutment screws. METHODS: Implant models (Platform-switching: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mm; Taper:6°,8°,10°) were established, and Von-mises stress and strain of abutment and abutment screw under different loads were analyzed. RESULTS: With the increase of the platform-switching amount, the peak von-Mises stress and strain of abutment and abutment screw increased. The peak von-Mises stress of the model with platform transfer≥0.8 mm was higher than 690 MPa. In addition, the variation amplitude was horizontal loading>oblique loading>vertical loading. The maximum stress of the abutment was concentrated at the neck of the abutment in 81.67% models. The stress of the abutment screw was concentrated at the turning point of the head and body of abutment screw in all models. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of the amount of platform switching makes the abutment and the abutment screws bear more force in the occlusion process. Therefore, in order to reduce the occurrence of mechanical complications after implantation and restoration, the implant system with the minimum amount of platform transfer should be selected within a certain range. The maximum stress on the abutments and screws exceeds the yield strength of pure titanium in implants with platform-switching amount greater than 0.8 mm, indicating that this design should be selected prudently in clinical practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevalence of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis within 15 years of implant placement ZAHNG Ting-ting, HU Xiao-jing, LIN Lu Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (3): 292-296.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.014 Abstract （498）      PDF （827KB）（291）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To explore the incidence of peri-implantitis (PI) and peri-implant mucositis (PM) during 15 years of implant placement. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 507 patients (1 162 implants in total) who underwent oral implant restoration in the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University from January 2001 to December 2005 were performed and followed up for 12-15 years. The clinical data of the patients were collected, and the individual and implant-level PI, PM incidence and influencing factors were analyzed. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After an average of 13.37 years of follow-up, the overall incidence of PM and PI in 507 implant restoration patients was 45.0% and 9.7%, respectively. The incidence of PM and PI in 1 162 implants was 44.1% and 10.9%, respectively. Among 127 implants with PI, there were 8 implants (6.3%) failed. PI had a low incidence within 0.5 to 1 year after implantation and restoration, with a significant increase in incidence within 1 to 5 years, a decrease in incidence within 5 to 10 years, and a continuous decrease in incidence over 10 years. The incidence of PM was relatively high within 0.5-1 year of implantation and restoration, gradually decreased in 1-5 years, and remained basically unchanged for 5-10 years and more than 10 years. The incidence of PI and PM using Straumann system was the lowest, and the incidence of Osstem system was the highest (P<0.05). The incidence of PI and PM in the upper anterior tooth area was significantly higher than that of other teeth(P<0.05). The probability of PI and PM was the highest in patients with non-closed crown edges, followed by loose abutment screws, loose crown-retained screws, and broken abutment screws(P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that implantation time, implant system, implant position, and restorative factors were high-risk factors affecting the incidence of PM and PI (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PM is widespread within 15 years of implant placement. The incidence of PI does not increase with the increase of restoration time, but is related to implantation time, implant system, implant position and later restoration factors. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of chitosan oligosaccharide on alveolar bone resorption, Th17/Treg balance and OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway in periodontitis rats ZHANG Li, LIU Yu-song, WU Yun-fei, FU Qi-ya Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (3): 237-242.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.003 Abstract （229）      PDF （1366KB）（287）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on alveolar bone resorption, Th17/Treg balance and OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway in rats with periodontitis. METHODS: Rat model of periodontitis was established, and the periodontitis rats were randomly divided into model group, low-dose chitosan oligosaccharide group, middle-dose chitosan oligosaccharide group, high-dose chitosan oligosaccharide group and metronidazole group, with 12 rats in each group, another 12 rats were set as control group. After treatment, gingival index and alveolar bone absorption were evaluated. H-E staining was used to observe the pathological changes of periodontal tissues. The ratio of Th17/Treg cells in peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry, the levels of serum IL-17, TGF-β, RANKL and OPG were detected by ELISA, and the expressions of OPG and RANKL mRNA in periodontal tissues of rats in each group were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR). SPSS 24.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the periodontal tissue of the model group showed periodontal membrane fiber bundle rupture, disordered arrangement, capillary expansion, proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration and other pathological damage. Gingival index, alveolar bone resorption value, Th17/Treg ratio, serum RANKL and IL-17 levels, and periodontal RANKL mRNA level were significantly increased(P<0.05), while the levels of serum OPG, TGF-β and OPG mRNA in periodontal tissues were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the pathological damage of periodontal tissue in the low-middle-and high-dose chitosan oligosaccharide groups and metronidazole group was reduced; gingival index, alveolar bone resorption value, Th17/Treg ratio, serum RANKL and IL-17 levels, and periodontal RANKL mRNA level were significantly decreased(P<0.05), while the levels of serum OPG, TGF-β and OPG mRNA in periodontal tissues were significantly increased(P<0.05); there was a dose-dependent relationship between the chitosan oligosaccharide groups, and there was no significant difference between the high-dose chitosan oligosaccharide group and metronidazole group(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chitosan oligosaccharide can promote Th17/Treg balance to return to normal, up-regulate OPG expression, down-regulate RANKL expression, inhibit alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis rats and improve their clinical symptoms. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of toothpaste containing emulsifier 30 and sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant on the integrity of oral epithelium YANG Mei, ZHAO Hai-ping, YANG Jie Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (3): 312-315.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.018 Abstract （379）      PDF （812KB）（278）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of toothpaste containing emulsifier 30 and sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant on the integrity of oral epithelium. METHODS: Sixty individuals equally divided into 2 groups by random number table methods. Group A received toothpaste containing emulsifier 30, while group B received fluoride toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) surfactant. The exfoliation of oral soft tissue was evaluated before, 30 minutes and 4 days after the test. The fluoride concentration in plaque and saliva was compared between the two groups. The data were processed with SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: The scores of oral soft tissue exfoliation at 30 min and 4 d after the test were increased significantly (P<0.05). The scores of subgingival, supragingival, oral apex and oral soft tissue exfoliation of group A at 30 min after using the paste were significantly lower than those 4 days after using the paste(P<0.05), while no significant change was observed in the score of oral soft tissue exfoliation at the dorsal tongue(P>0.05). The total scores of subgingival, supragingival, dorsal tongue, ventral tongue and oral soft tissue exfoliation in group B 30 min after using the paste were significantly higher than those at 4 d after use, and the score of oral soft tissue exfoliation at oral apex was significantly lower than that at 4 d after use (P<0.05).The total scores of subgingival, supragingival, dorsal tongue, ventral tongue and oral soft tissue exfoliation in group B at 30 min after using the paste were significantly higher than those of group A, while the score of oral soft tissue exfoliation at oral apex was significantly lower than that of group A(P<0.05).The total scores of subgingival, supragingival, ventral tongue and oral soft tissue exfoliation in group B at 4 d after using the paste were significantly higher than those of group A(P<0.05). The scores of oral soft tissue exfoliation at oral apex and dorsal tongue at 4 d after use had no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The fluoride concentration in plaque and saliva was increased significantly in both groups after test(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both fluoride toothpaste containing emulsifier 30 and SLS surfactant cause a certain degree of oral soft tissue exfoliation. In comparison, fluoride toothpaste containing emulsifier 30 has less oral soft tissue damage; moreover, the two fluoride toothpastes can effectively inhibit acid production of plaque bacteria and prevent occurrence of caries. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on the correlation between IL-6,IL-33, and IL-10 and periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis WANG Ye, ZHANG Li-mu, QI Shuai, LIN Xiao-ping Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (5): 498-503.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.010 Abstract （247）      PDF （702KB）（269）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To determine the expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-33 (IL-33) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis, and to investigate the correlation between IL-6, IL-33, IL-10 and periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: According to the inclusion criteria, patients who were admitted to the Department of Stomatology and Rheumatology and Immunology of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University were selected, including 21 patients with periodontitis (PD group), 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA group), and 24 patients with periodontitis combined with rheumatoid arthritis (PD+RA group), 24 healthy patients (H group). General information for each subject was recorded including periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI). Samples of gingival crevicular fluid were collected from each group, and the contents of IL-6, IL-33 and IL-10 in gingival crevicular fluid were determined by ELISA, and the correlation between IL-6, IL-33, IL-10 and periodontal clinical indicators was analyzed. SPSS 20.0 software package was used to analyze the date. RESULTS: The expression level of IL-6 in PD+RA group was significantly higher than that in H group, PD group and RA group (P<0.05). The content of IL-33 in PD group, RA group and PD+RA group was significantly higher than that in H group (P<0.05), while the content of IL-33 in PD+RA group was significantly higher than that in RA group (P<0.05). The expression level of IL-10 in the RA group was significantly higher than that in the H group, the PD group and the PD+RA group (P<0.05). PPD in PD group was positively correlated with the contents of IL-6 and IL-33 (r=0.62, 0.43), SBI, PPD and CAL in PD+RA group were positively correlated with the contents of IL-33 (r=0.69, 0.58, 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: The levels of IL-6 and IL-33 in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis accompanied by rheumatoid arthritis are significantly increased, while the contents of IL-10 are significantly decreased, suggesting that IL-6, IL-33 and IL-10 play an important role in the occurrence and development of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Oral behavior characteristics of 540 patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders TANG Yan, FAN Shuai, YAO Yuan, XU Li-li, CAI Bin Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (5): 531-534.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.016 Abstract （406）      PDF （502KB）（269）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To test the reliability of the Chinese version of Oral Behaviours Checklist (OBC) and explore oral behavior characteristics of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). METHODS: The English version of OBC was translated forward and backward to form the Chinese version of OBC. From July 2017 to April 2018, 540 TMD patients were included. Cronbach's α was used to evaluate the reliability of Chinese version of OBC. The characteristics of oral behaviors were evaluated by OBC. SPSS 19.0 software package was used to calculate the frequency of each behavior, and rank sum test was used to compare the distribution of oral behavior of TMD patients of different genders. RESULTS: The reliability of Chinese version of the OBC was good, Cronbach's α=0.771.There were certain oral behaviors in TMD patients, such as sleeping in a position that puts pressure on the jaw(52.9%), chewing food unilaterally(47.8%) and contacting teeth while not eating (33.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese version of OBC is a reliable tool for assessing oral behaviors. TMD patients have certain oral behaviors, which await further investigations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomical limits of distal displacement of bony maxillary molars in patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion LIU Li-ping, YANG Tong-tong, CHENG Jia-xiu Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (4): 410-413.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.04.014 Abstract （416）      PDF （720KB）（268）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To compare the posterior space of the maxillary molar with osseous dislocation and investigate the retromolar space available for molar distalization in patients with maxillary prognathism. METHODS: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) data of 136 posterior maxillary segments in 32 patients with skeletal Class I malocclusion and 36 patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion were analyzed. The functional tip of the maxillary first and second molars was connected as the measuring reference line, the reference plane for measurement parallel to the reference line, which passed the furcation of the mandibular second molar root, was set as the “0 mm” plane. Four additional planes, which were parallel to the 0 mm-plane and located at 2, 4, 6 mm apical to the 0 mm-plane, cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and root tip, were named the"2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, CEJ and TIP", in order to measure the distance from the maxillary second molar to maxillary tubercle bone cortex in the edge. SPSS 23.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: At all levels of measurement, the retromolar space of the values in male and female patients was not significantly different, ClassⅡ malocclusion were significantly greater than those in ClassⅠmalocclusion, with the minimum values at the CEJ level, (4.18±1.40) and (5.12±2.16) mm, respectively. As the measured level moved up, the measured clearance value increased and reached the maximum at the root tip, which was (8.64±2.41) and (10.02±2.27) mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with ClassⅠmalocclusion, patients with ClassⅡmalocclusion have greater retromolar space for maxillary molar distalization along the posterior line of occlusion. More attention should be paid to the anatomical limit of maxillary second molar at the CEJ level along the bite line in the distal direction when maxillary molar is pushed backward. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of protection and remineralization of glass ionomer protective film and fluoride varnish on enamel: an in vitro study WU Hui, LIU Hua, LIU Wen, LIU Yi-cong, YANG Fang Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (5): 493-497.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.009 Abstract （267）      PDF （814KB）（266）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To compare the remineralization and protection effect of glass ionomer protective film and fluoride varnish on enamel. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-two premolars were collected and made into enamel blocks, two enamel blocks were randomly selected for scanning electron microscope(SEM) observation, the others were used for two experiments. In enamel protection test (experimental A), 60 enamel blocks were divided into 3 groups (n=20) randomly and treated with glass ionomer protective film(A1) and fluoride varnish(A2), the control group(A3) was not treated. In remineralization test (experimental B), sixty enamel blocks were demineralized for 72 h, which were randomly divided into 3 groups(B1, B2 and B3)(n=20), and the treatment method was the same as that of the enamel protection group. To simulate oral environment, in experiment A and B, six groups of samples were treated with pH cycling in demineralization liquid and artificial saliva alternately for 30 days. The surface morphology of enamel was observed under SEM, surface microhardness(SMH) changes of enamel was measured by microhardness tester, the calcium-phosphorus ratio of the enamel surface was analyzed by X-ray energy spectrum analyzer. The data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS 26.0 software package. RESULTS: In enamel protection test, the results of SEM observation showed that the untreated enamel surface was flat and even. After treatment with demineralization liquid, group A1 was basically intact. In group A2, a large number of flaky sediments were found on the enamel surface. Group A3 presented typical honeycomb structure caused by demineralization. Pairwise comparison of ΔSMH among the groups showed A1<A2<A3(P<0.05). The results of calcium-phosphorus ratio by X-ray energy spectrum analyzer was group A1>A2>A3(P<0.05). In remineralization test, the results of SEM observation showed that group B1 and B2 all had deposits adhered to the enamel surface. The surface of group B3 enamel was rough and uneven, and showed the shape of a honeycomb. Pairwise comparison of ΔSMH among the groups showed B1>B2>B3(P<0.05). The results of calcium-phosphorus ratio by X-ray energy spectrum analyzer was group B1>B2>B3(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both glass ionomer protective film and fluoride varnish can prevent and cure enamel demineralization, while glass ionomer protective film is more effective in protection and remineralization because of its wear resistance and durability. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of Insignia system in customized orthodontic treatment LIU Fan, LIU Lin, WANG Yan-hong Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2022, 31 (1): 96-99.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.01.020 Abstract （359）      PDF （484KB）（264）       Knowledge map    PORPOSE: To investigate the effect of Insignia system in customized orthodontic treatment. METHODS: A total of 71 patients with malocclusion undergoing orthodontic treatment in Dalian Stomatological Hospital from March 2018 to August 2019 were enrolled, and divided into two groups according to random number table methods. Patients in non-customized group received Damon Q self-locking brackets, while patients in customized group received individualized brackets combined with Insignia appliance. The patients were revisited every 8 weeks in initial phase and thereafter every 6 weeks. The clinical efficacy, number of visits, time required for treatment planning and treatment duration were compared between the two groups. The severity of malocclusion, changes after treatment and improvement before and after treatment were evaluated by peer assessment rating (PAR). The complications and loose brackets during treatment were observed. SPSS 20.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The total effective rate of customized group was significantly higher than that of non-customized group (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in treatment duration between the two groups(P>0.05). The number of visits and time required for treatment planning of customized group were significantly longer than those of non-customized group(P<0.05). After treatment, the midline, tooth dislocation, molar buccal occlusion, overbite, overjet and weighted PAR total scores increased in both groups, and the increase was more significant in customized group(P<0.05). The gingival bleeding rate showed no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05), while the rate of loose brackets was significantly higher in customized group than in non-customized group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with non-customized system, insignia customized system has more visits, longer treatment planning time and higher bracket loosening rate, but its effect is better. In general, it has little effect on the treatment duration and does not increase the bracket shedding rate. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of 3D printing technology under three-dimensional reconstruction in mandibular reconstruction LI Huai-qi, YE Jin-hai, WANG Chen-xing, ZHU Zai-ou, WU He-ming Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (3): 283-287.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.012 Abstract （262）      PDF （966KB）（259）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To explore the application value of 3D printing technology under three-dimensional reconstruction in mandibular reconstruction. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with mandibular defect reconstruction were divided into two groups by different operation methods: 3D group(n=42) and control group(n=42). Patients in the control group underwent routine operation, while patients in the experimental(3D) group underwent three-dimensional reconstruction with 3D printing technology. The operation conditions, incidence of complications, recovery of facial features and occlusal relationship were recorded. SPSS 23.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: The operation time of 3D group was significantly shorter than that of the control group, and the amount of bleeding was significantly less than that of the control group(P<0.05). The recovery rate of facial appearance and occlusal relationship in 3D group was significantly higher than in the control group(95.24% vs 78.57%, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the movement distance of mandibular points in 3D group was significantly smaller before and after operation(P<0.05). The satisfaction scores of chewing function and pronunciation recovery in the two groups were close(P>0.05), but compared with the control group, the satisfaction scores of appearance recovery in the 3D group were significantly higher(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 3D reconstruction under 3D printing technology can reduce intraoperative bleeding, shorten the operation duration, and achieve good shape recovery with high degree of satisfaction. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the upper airway and maxillary and mandibular characters in adult skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion MAO Xiao-yan, YANG Jia-yin, LI Jia, XU Rui Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (4): 419-423.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.04.016 Abstract （308）      PDF （821KB）（254）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship between upper airway and mandible morphology in patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion with cone-beam CT (CBCT). METHODS: Thirty-three volunteers with individual normal occlusion and thirty-three patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion were selected to undergo CBCT. All samples were outputted to Dicom and reconstructed using Mimics 19.0 medical software. SPSS 19.0 software package was used to analyze the differences between the two groups. Correlation between the two groups was evaluated using Pearson's coefficient analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen parameters showed significant difference between individual normal occlusion and the skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion(P<0.05). There were 10 significant correlational parameters between mandible length and upper airway of the skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion group. There were 13 significant correlational parameters between the arch width of the maxilla and upper airway of the skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion group. There were 3 significant correlational parameters between the arch width of the mandible and upper airway of the skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion group. CONCLUSIONS: The upper airway morphology of skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion is correlated with maxillary and mandibular parameters. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of carbodiimide in different solvents on bonding performance of acetone-based etch-and-rinsing adhesive system ZHOU Kai-xuan, XIE Cui-liu, CHEN Yue, ZHENG Yue-mei, YAN Guo-wei Shanghai Journal of Stomatology    2021, 30 (5): 488-492.   DOI: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.008 Abstract （158）      PDF （1451KB）（252）       Knowledge map    PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of carbodiimide (EDC) in water, ethanol and acetone on bonding performance of acetone-based etch-and-rinsing adhesive system. METHODS: Sixty-four third molars in vitro were randomly divided into 8 groups according to the types of pretreatment agents, with or without aging(n=8), group S0 and S0a: deionized water; group S and Sa: EDC in water; group E and Ea: EDC in ethanol; group B and Ba: EDC in acetone. After pretreatment, the adhesive specimens were prepared by Prime Bond NT. S0, S, E and B were immediate groups, and S0a, Sa, Ea and Ba groups were subjected to aging test for 5 000 times. Six specimens were randomly selected from each group to test the shear bond strength and observe the fracture mode. The remaining 2 specimens were used to observe the microstructure of bonding interface by scanning electron microscopy. The shear bond strength was statistically analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: It was found that the shear bond strength of group S was significantly higher than that of group S0, and the shear bond strength of group Sa was significantly higher than that of group S0a(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between groups S, E and B(P>0.05). The shear bond strength of Sa, Ea and Ba increased successively, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Three factor analysis of variance found that the main effect of EDC, aging and solvent alone was significantly different(P<0.05), and there was an interaction effect between EDC and aging(P<0.05). The fracture modes of immediate groups were mainly mixed failure, while the interface fracture was the most common in the aging groups. SEM observation showed that all the hybrid layers were uniform and complete in the immediate groups, and the largest crack in S0a group and a few cracks in Ba group. CONCLUSIONS: EDC pretreatment in water, ethanol, and acetone solvents can improve both the immediate and aging bonding strength of acetone-based etch-and-rinsing adhesive system. Acetone acts as the solvents of EDC maximizes the shear bond strength among the aging groups. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics