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25 June 2021, Volume 30 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on biological activity and inflammatory factor expression of human gingival fibroblasts ZHOU Ke-cong, SUN Meng-jun, XIA Yi-ru, XIE Yu-feng, SHU Rong 2021, 30 (3):  225-231.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.001 Abstract ( 226 )   PDF (1483KB) ( 196 )   PURPOSE: To explore the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on biological activity and inflammatory factor expression of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). METHODS: The effects of EPA on the activity, morphology and cell cycle of HGFs were observed by living and dead cell staining, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, respectively. HGFs were stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) or heat inactivated P. gingivalis, after which the effects of EPA on mRNA and protein expression of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β were observed by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The gene and protein expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) was also detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: 200 μmol/L EPA inhibited cell activity of HGFs; 100 μmol/L EPA did not affect cell activity and morphology of HGFs, and had no significant effect on cell cycle (P>0.05). EPA significantly downregulated gene expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, and protein expression of IL-6 stimulated by P. gingivalis LPS and heat-killed P.gingivalis(P<0.05), in a dose-dependent manner. EPA increased gene expression of HO-1 in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05), and upregulated HO-1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: EPA significantly inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors without affecting the biological activity of HGFs, which may be related to the induction of HO-1, suggesting the potential role of EPA in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Resveratrol suppressed the expression of MIP-2 induced by lipopolysaccharide in osteoblasts via up-regulating SOCS-3 YU Ya-qiong, WEI Peng-gong, LI Xiao-lin, QU Liu, SUN Hai-yan, QIU Li-hong 2021, 30 (3):  232-236.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.002 Abstract ( 155 )   PDF (905KB) ( 207 )   PURPOSE: To explore whether resveratrol dependents on the production of suppressor of cytokine signaling suppressor 3 (SOCS-3) in inhibiting mRNA production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in osteoblasts induced by lipopolysaccharides(LPS) extracted from Porphyromonas endodontalis(P.e). METHODS: MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with different concentrations of resveratrol (0, 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L) and 20 μmol/L resveratrol for different time( 0, 10, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min). The expression of SOCS-3 protein was detected by Western blot. MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with mouse SOCS3 siRNA (si-SOCS-3) and control siRNA(si-control). Reverse transcription real-time PCR(real-time RT-PCR) and Western blot was used to detect the silencing efficiency of SOCS-3. Cells were stimulated by 20 μg/mL P.e-LPS for 24 h after transfection, in the absence or presence of 20 μmol/L resveratrol for 1 h , and the changes of MIP-2 mRNA were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett t test with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: Treatment of MC3T3-El cells with different concentrations of resveratrol caused a significant increase in SOCS-3 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. During the observation time of 180 min, SOCS-3 protein expression was the highest at 20 μmol/L resveratrol-treated osteoblasts for 60 min. The silencing efficiency of SOCS-3 mRNA was 63.7%. Transfection with SOCS-3 siRNA increased MIP-2 mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells and negated the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on LPS-induced MIP-2 mRNA expression(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Resveratrol inhibits the expression of MIP-2 mRNA in osteoblasts induced by P.e-LPS by up-regulating the expression of SOCS-3 protein. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of chitosan oligosaccharide on alveolar bone resorption, Th17/Treg balance and OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway in periodontitis rats ZHANG Li, LIU Yu-song, WU Yun-fei, FU Qi-ya 2021, 30 (3):  237-242.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.003 Abstract ( 230 )   PDF (1366KB) ( 291 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on alveolar bone resorption, Th17/Treg balance and OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway in rats with periodontitis. METHODS: Rat model of periodontitis was established, and the periodontitis rats were randomly divided into model group, low-dose chitosan oligosaccharide group, middle-dose chitosan oligosaccharide group, high-dose chitosan oligosaccharide group and metronidazole group, with 12 rats in each group, another 12 rats were set as control group. After treatment, gingival index and alveolar bone absorption were evaluated. H-E staining was used to observe the pathological changes of periodontal tissues. The ratio of Th17/Treg cells in peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry, the levels of serum IL-17, TGF-β, RANKL and OPG were detected by ELISA, and the expressions of OPG and RANKL mRNA in periodontal tissues of rats in each group were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR). SPSS 24.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the periodontal tissue of the model group showed periodontal membrane fiber bundle rupture, disordered arrangement, capillary expansion, proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration and other pathological damage. Gingival index, alveolar bone resorption value, Th17/Treg ratio, serum RANKL and IL-17 levels, and periodontal RANKL mRNA level were significantly increased(P<0.05), while the levels of serum OPG, TGF-β and OPG mRNA in periodontal tissues were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the pathological damage of periodontal tissue in the low-middle-and high-dose chitosan oligosaccharide groups and metronidazole group was reduced; gingival index, alveolar bone resorption value, Th17/Treg ratio, serum RANKL and IL-17 levels, and periodontal RANKL mRNA level were significantly decreased(P<0.05), while the levels of serum OPG, TGF-β and OPG mRNA in periodontal tissues were significantly increased(P<0.05); there was a dose-dependent relationship between the chitosan oligosaccharide groups, and there was no significant difference between the high-dose chitosan oligosaccharide group and metronidazole group(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chitosan oligosaccharide can promote Th17/Treg balance to return to normal, up-regulate OPG expression, down-regulate RANKL expression, inhibit alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis rats and improve their clinical symptoms. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A finite element study of the influence of upper lip pressure on the development of maxilla after cleft lip surgery HUANG Wei, GUO Kai-li, ZHANG Xiao-yan, FENG Ying, FENG Xiao-wei, LI Xiang-jun 2021, 30 (3):  243-246.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.004 Abstract ( 232 )   PDF (1509KB) ( 181 )   PURPOSE: To explore the mechanism of upper lip pressure on maxilla after cleft lip surgery. METHODS: ANSYS 17.0 software was used to add the upper lip soft tissue to the finite element model of maxilla with cleft palate, and the material properties was assigned to form a three-dimensional finite element model of maxilla with upper lip. The upper lip pressure was applied to the model and force analysis was performed in 2 groups. In the experimental group, upper lip pressure with cleft lip surgery was applied; in the control group, upper lip pressure in normal children of the same age was applied. RESULTS: Maxillary deformation in the experimental group was greater than that in the control group. Maxillary deformation occurred in three-dimensional direction, which was mainly in Z axis, followed by X axis and Y axis. The anterior segment of alveolar process was the most obvious,and from the anterior to the posterior, the change trend was gradually decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Maxillary growth is inhibited in three-dimensional direction,which is mainly sagittal growth inhibition,followed by transverse and vertical growth. The inhibition gradually decreases from anterior to posterior. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different hypoxic concentrations on biological characteristics of human dental pulp stem cells in vitro YANG Zheng, ZHAO Min, XIAO Lin, CHEN Si-ping 2021, 30 (3):  247-252.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.005 Abstract ( 203 )   PDF (1074KB) ( 222 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of different hypoxic concentrations on biological characteristics of human dental pulp stem cells in vitro. METHODS: Impacted mandibular third molars were extracted from healthy individuals, and the dental pulp stem cells were cultured by tissue block enzyme digestion. Cells cultured under the conditions of 3%, 5% and 21% oxygen concentration for 7 days were set as 3% hypoxia group, 5% hypoxia group, and 21% nomoxia group, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell surface markers, cell cycle and apoptosis. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 method. Transwell chamber assay was used to detect migration ability. Statistical analysis was completed by SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: The expression rates of CD44, CD29 and D73 of the subculture cells were 97.25%, 99.36% and 99.60%, respectively. The proliferation ability of dental pulp stem cells was the strongest in 5% hypoxia group, and weakest in 3% hypoxia group, with significant difference(P<0.05). The apoptosis rate had no significant difference among various concentrations of oxygen(P>0.05). Compared with 21% nomoxia group, the proportion of dental pulp stem cells in G1 phase was significantly lower than that in 3% hypoxia group and 5% hypoxia group(P<0.05), and cell in S phase was significantly higher than that in 3% hypoxia group and 5% hypoxia group(P<0.05). The migration ability was the strongest in 3% hypoxia group, and weakest in 21% nomoxia group, with significant difference(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Different concentrations of hypoxia have great influence on the morphology, proliferation, migration and cell cycle of human dental pulp stem cells in vitro with little impact on cell apoptosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of extracellular matrix PDMS stiffness on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells MA Chun-yan, PAN Qing, HE Lei, YANG Hai-bing 2021, 30 (3):  253-257.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.006 Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (1038KB) ( 232 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of extracellular matrix stiffness on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based cell culture substrate model. METHODS: The premolars removed during orthodontic treatment in Changzhou NO.2 People's Hospital were collected for DPSCs culture. PDMS matrix membranes were prepared, and divided into three groups according to the different stiffness degrees, group A (binder/hardener: 10∶1; 135 kPa), group B (binder/hardener: 20∶1; 54 kPa), and group C (binder/hardener: 30∶1; 16 kPa). Group free from PDMS was set as control group. Thereafter, DPSCs cells were cultured on PDMS matrix, and various indexes were detected. The proliferation rate of DPSCs was detected by CCK-8, the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs was detected by alizarin red staining, and the protein expression levels of osteocalcin(OCN), RUNX2, Wnt1 and β-catenin were detected by Western blot. The data were processed with SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: Alizarin red staining showed that DPSCs cells in group A had obvious morphological changes, and the cell arrangement showed obvious orientation, its morphology gradually changed from polygon and spindle shape to square shape, and calcified nodules were also observed. The number of calcified nodules among four groups were the most in the group A, followed by group B and group C, which was the lowest in control group, with significant difference (P<0.05). The cell proliferation rate and the expression of OCN, RUNX2, Wnt1 and β-catenin were the highest in group A, followed by group B and group C, which was the lowest in control group, with significant difference(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The extracellular matrix with high stiffness may promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which may provide a theoretical basis for periodontal tissue engineering. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Berberine promotes osteogenic differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells through JNK signaling pathway ZHU Chen-yuan, XU Ling, YU Wei-qiang 2021, 30 (3):  258-262.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.007 Abstract ( 213 )   PDF (1082KB) ( 207 )   PURPOSE: This study aimed at exploring the effect of berberine (C20H18NO4) on osteogenic differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs) and clarifying the related mechanism. METHODS: ADSCs were subjected to 5, 10, 20 μmol/L berberine culture solution. The untreated ADSCs were set as the control group. Cell proliferation activity was determined by MTT method. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, semi-quantitative assay and alizarin red staining (ARS) were applied to analyze the effect of berberine on osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs. The phosphorylation level of c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) protein was tested by Western blot. Runx2, OCN were tested by Western blot before and after application of JNK pathway inhibitor SP600125. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant difference on cell proliferation activity of ADSCs treated with 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L berberine at 1, 3 and 7 day(P>0.05). ALP staining and ARS staining in groups treated by berberine were significantly darker than those of the control group, and ALP protein secretion in the experimental group was significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). The phosphorylation level of JNK was increased after treated with 10 μmol/L berberine culture medium. The expression of osteogenic related proteins Runx2 and OCN was up-regulated in the experimental group. After inhibition of JNK signaling pathway, the expression of Runx2 and OCN was down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS: Berberine has no effect on cell proliferation of ADSCs, and can up-regulate osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs through activation of JNK signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic changes of oral candida infection and immune status of 46 HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of highly active antiretroviral therapy DU Xian, XIONG Hui, YANG Yao, CHEN Fang-chun 2021, 30 (3):  263-267.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.008 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (831KB) ( 200 )   PURPOSE: To monitor oral candida infection and immune status of HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and to explore the relationship between oral candida infection and immune status. METHODS: A total of 46 HIV/AIDS patients were followed up. At baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months after HAART, CD4+T lymphocytes were measured, oral examinations of patients were carried out and the occurrence of oral candidiasis was recorded. Oral rinses were collected, and Sabourd's dextrose agar and CHROMagar candida medium were used to culture and identify oral candida. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25.0 software package. RESULTS: The counts of CD4+T lymphocytes in HIV/AIDS patients at 3, 6 and 12 months after HAART were (327.91±138.82), (329.65±142.66) and (319.98±97.90) cells/mm3, respectively, which were significantly higher than CD4+T lymphocytes(263.39±126.01) at baseline(P<0.05). The prevalence of oral candidiasis at 3, 6 and 12 months after HAART was 26.09%, 21.74% and 23.91%, respectively, which was significantly lower than that(52.17%) at baseline（P<0.05）. The prevalence of oral candidiasis in patients with CD4+T lymphocyte <200 cells/mm3 was significantly higher than that in patients with CD4+T lymphocyte ≥200 cells/mm3（P<0.05）. CONCLUSIONS: HAART can increase CD4+T lymphocytes, reconstruct the immunity of patients and reduce the incidence of oral candidiasis, but the incidence of oral candidiasis significantly increased in patients with CD4+T lymphocyte <200 cells/mm3. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation of betel nut chewing and clinicopathologic factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma SHAO Xiao-jun, ZHU Qiao, LIU You, HAN Xiao-dong, LIN Xiao-zhen, XI Qing 2021, 30 (3):  268-272.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.009 Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (1026KB) ( 228 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation of clinicopathologic factors and immunophenotypic features with betel nut chewing in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). METHODS: The data of 88 patients with OSCC were collected. According to the habit of betel nut chewing, the clinicopathologic factors and immunohistochemical parameters were analyzed. The relationship between clinicopathologic factors of OSCC and betel nut chewing was analyzed with univariate analysis and multivariate analysis using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: 46.6% of patients had the habit of betel nut chewing and 67.0% of patients had tongue cancer and buccal cancer. The pathological stages were mainly T2 (40.9%). From univariate analysis of the results, differentiation degree, ki-67, p53 was significantly correlated with the habit of betel nut chewing(P<0.05); while gender, age, location, pathological T stage and cervical lymph node metastasis were not significantly correlated with habit of betel nut chewing (P>0.05). From multivariate analysis of the results, location and differentiation degree were significantly correlated with the habit of betel nut chewing (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ki-67 and p53 protein are lowly expressed in OSCC patients with the habit of betel nut chewing, suggesting that clinicopathologic factors such as the proliferation activity, malignancy, differentiation and prognosis of tumor are much better. Differentiation degree are relatively good in OSCC patients with the habit of betel nut chewing. Cheek and tongue are the most common site of OSCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of the upper airway in children with Class Ⅱ mandibular retrusion and snoring during night before and after functional treatment by sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance CHEN Nan, XIONG Bin, ZHANG Ting, XIA Wen-qian, LU Jian-feng, GAO Mei-qin 2021, 30 (3):  273-277.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.010 Abstract ( 719 )   PDF (1226KB) ( 324 )   PURPOSE: To study the changes of dimension and morphology of upper airway in children with ClassⅡ mandibular retrusion after functional treatment by sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance. METHODS: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) data of upper airway of the subjects were measured by Dolphin 11.5 software and Mimics 17.0 software , and the changes of dimension and morphology of upper airway before and after functional treatment with sagittal-guidance Twin-block(SGTB) appliance were compared. SPSS 16.0 software package was used for data processing. RESULTS: After functional treatment,the volume of total upper airway,nasopharynx airway, oropharynx airway, the sectional area of tip of the epiglotti(TE), the lateral diameter of TE, the base of the epiglottis(EB) significantly increased (P<0.05) in children with SGTB appliance. CONCLUSIONS: SGTB functional treatment is effective in the treatment of skeletal ClassⅡ mandibular retrusion of children by increase of the upper airway and improvement of respiration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the effect of improved ART with high-intensity glass ionomer cement in the treatment of primary caries in children LIU Zi-han, MA Hao-ran, MIAO Fen, ZHOU Shu 2021, 30 (3):  278-282.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.011 Abstract ( 352 )   PDF (827KB) ( 253 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of improved atraumatic restorative treatment(ART) with high-strength glass ionomer cement in the treatment of primary caries in children. METHODS: From August 2018 to May 2019, 262 children with primary tooth caries who were treated in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were selected into our study, prospectively. The children were divided into two groups, randomly: ART group (131 cases, 177 teeth) and control group (131 cases, 178 teeth). Children in the control group were treated with conventional cavity preparation and composite resin filling, while those in the ART group were treated with improved high-intensity glass ionomer. The curative effect and satisfaction degree were compared between the two groups. SPSS 19.0 software package was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The overall curative effect in the ART group was better than that of the control group. The cooperation degree of the 2~4 years old children in the ART group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05). The cooperation degree of the 5 years old children between the two groups had no significant differences(P>0.05). Both groups of children accepted 12 months of follow-up. Three months after treatment, the rate of secondary caries in the ART group was significantly lower than that in the control group, but it was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Six and 12 months after treatment, the rate of secondary caries in the ART group were significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05), and the satisfaction of parents in the ART group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Improved ART with high-intensity glass ionomer cement is more likely accepted by children and their parents, with more willing to accept and cooperate with the treatment. Not only is it easy to operate, but also has a reliable curative effect in children. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of 3D printing technology under three-dimensional reconstruction in mandibular reconstruction LI Huai-qi, YE Jin-hai, WANG Chen-xing, ZHU Zai-ou, WU He-ming 2021, 30 (3):  283-287.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.012 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (966KB) ( 260 )   PURPOSE: To explore the application value of 3D printing technology under three-dimensional reconstruction in mandibular reconstruction. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with mandibular defect reconstruction were divided into two groups by different operation methods: 3D group(n=42) and control group(n=42). Patients in the control group underwent routine operation, while patients in the experimental(3D) group underwent three-dimensional reconstruction with 3D printing technology. The operation conditions, incidence of complications, recovery of facial features and occlusal relationship were recorded. SPSS 23.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: The operation time of 3D group was significantly shorter than that of the control group, and the amount of bleeding was significantly less than that of the control group(P<0.05). The recovery rate of facial appearance and occlusal relationship in 3D group was significantly higher than in the control group(95.24% vs 78.57%, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the movement distance of mandibular points in 3D group was significantly smaller before and after operation(P<0.05). The satisfaction scores of chewing function and pronunciation recovery in the two groups were close(P>0.05), but compared with the control group, the satisfaction scores of appearance recovery in the 3D group were significantly higher(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 3D reconstruction under 3D printing technology can reduce intraoperative bleeding, shorten the operation duration, and achieve good shape recovery with high degree of satisfaction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of continuous oral health education on patients with fixation after traumatic dislocation of teeth HE Hua, WU Dan-dan, ZHONG Ping-ping 2021, 30 (3):  288-291.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.013 Abstract ( 159 )   PDF (814KB) ( 191 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of continuous oral health education on patients with fixation after traumatic dislocation of teeth. METHODS: Sixty patients with fixation after traumatic dislocation of teeth from the Dental Emergency Department of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, thirty cases in each group. Patients in the control group were given clinical education at the time of treatments, while patients in the experimental group were given continuous oral health education after treatments. Pulp vitality, plaque index and oral hygiene behavior of the two groups were compared using SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: The pulp activity of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group 3 and 6 months after operation(P<0.05). The plaque index of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 1st, 3rd, and 6th month after operation(P<0.05). The proportion of correct brushing, regular oral examination and good oral habits of the experimental group was significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Application of continuous oral health education in patients with fixation after traumatic dislocation of teeth can raise the living ratio of dental pulp, reduce plaque index and improve oral hygiene, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevalence of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis within 15 years of implant placement ZAHNG Ting-ting, HU Xiao-jing, LIN Lu 2021, 30 (3):  292-296.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.014 Abstract ( 499 )   PDF (827KB) ( 294 )   PURPOSE: To explore the incidence of peri-implantitis (PI) and peri-implant mucositis (PM) during 15 years of implant placement. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 507 patients (1 162 implants in total) who underwent oral implant restoration in the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University from January 2001 to December 2005 were performed and followed up for 12-15 years. The clinical data of the patients were collected, and the individual and implant-level PI, PM incidence and influencing factors were analyzed. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After an average of 13.37 years of follow-up, the overall incidence of PM and PI in 507 implant restoration patients was 45.0% and 9.7%, respectively. The incidence of PM and PI in 1 162 implants was 44.1% and 10.9%, respectively. Among 127 implants with PI, there were 8 implants (6.3%) failed. PI had a low incidence within 0.5 to 1 year after implantation and restoration, with a significant increase in incidence within 1 to 5 years, a decrease in incidence within 5 to 10 years, and a continuous decrease in incidence over 10 years. The incidence of PM was relatively high within 0.5-1 year of implantation and restoration, gradually decreased in 1-5 years, and remained basically unchanged for 5-10 years and more than 10 years. The incidence of PI and PM using Straumann system was the lowest, and the incidence of Osstem system was the highest (P<0.05). The incidence of PI and PM in the upper anterior tooth area was significantly higher than that of other teeth(P<0.05). The probability of PI and PM was the highest in patients with non-closed crown edges, followed by loose abutment screws, loose crown-retained screws, and broken abutment screws(P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that implantation time, implant system, implant position, and restorative factors were high-risk factors affecting the incidence of PM and PI (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PM is widespread within 15 years of implant placement. The incidence of PI does not increase with the increase of restoration time, but is related to implantation time, implant system, implant position and later restoration factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevalence of malocclusion among 1022 Kazak junior school students: an epidemiological study DIAO Xiao-jie, ZHANG Yin-feng, LI Zi-wei 2021, 30 (3):  297-301.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.015 Abstract ( 225 )   PDF (819KB) ( 237 )   PURPOSE: This study provided baseline data for oral public health though epidemiological survey to investigate the prevalence of malocclusion and the relationship with caries in Kazak junior school students in Xinjiang Aletai district, China. METHODS: Using stratified and cluster random sampling, 1 022 Kazak junior school students in Aletai district were chosen. According to the standard of Angle's classification and individual normal occlusion, a full clinical examination was carried out. The results were statistically analyzed by SAS JMP 10.0. RESULTS: Of all 1 022 subjects, the prevalence of malocclusion was 43.64%. Among them there were 215 males (43.97%) and 231 females (43.34%). The composition ratios of Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusion were 30.92%,3.42% and 9.30%, respectively. The malocclusion prevalence in urban was 44.56%, and 43.06% in rural areas. There was no significant difference between them. Among children with malocclusion, crowding of dentition was the majority, and the others in turn were abnormal space of anterior teeth, deep overjet, deep overbite, cross jet, and open bite. The prevalence of caries was 59.49%, and DMFT was 1.382. Students who had caries with malocclusion was 1.54 times more than those who did not have caries. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with other studies, the prevalence of malocclusion in Xinjiang Aletai district is not high. The incidence of malocclusion is closely related to caries. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the application of dexmedetomidine combined with flurbiprofen axetil in extraction of multiple complex teeth under local anesthesia SHAO Yun, SHENG Lu, HE Huan, LIU hui, LU Meng-meng, QI Ming 2021, 30 (3):  302-305.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.016 Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (806KB) ( 156 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sedation and analgesia using dexmedetomidine combined with flurbiprofen axetil in multiple complex teeth extraction under local anesthesia. METHODS: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 40 patients scheduled for multiple complex teeth (4-6) extraction were randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental group (sedation and analgesia using dexmedetomidine combined with flurbiprofen axetil in addition to local anesthesia, n=20) and control group (local anesthesia, n=20). The mean arterial pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR), Ramsay sedation score, VAS pain score of each patient at T0(basis value), T1 (during local anesthesia), T2(during extraction), T3(10 minutes after extraction) and the follow-up results were recorded. SAS 8.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared to T0 and control group at the same time, the experimental group revealed more stable mood and hemodynamic manifestation and better analgesic effect (P<0.05), from T1 to T3, patients in the control group showed increased blood pressure, heart rate, emotional fluctuation, bodily and facial pain(P<0.05). The follow-up results showed 5 and 0 patients taking painkillers in the control and experimental group, respectively(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sedation and analgesia using dexmedetomidine combined with flurbiprofen axetil in addition to local anesthesia is a safe and effective approach in multiple complex teeth extraction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of perioperative nutritional status in patients with malignant oral and maxillofacial neoplasms complicated with diabetes mellitus SUN Juan, ZHANG Hai-feng, TANG Wen, LIU Xi-peng, ZHAO An-da 2021, 30 (3):  306-311.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.017 Abstract ( 195 )   PDF (840KB) ( 142 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the nutritional status of patients with malignant oral and maxillofacial neoplasms complicated with diabetes mellitus during perioperative period. METHODS: Sixty-four patients with malignant oral and maxillofacial neoplasms complicated with diabetes mellitus were collected. Fasting venous blood of patients was extracted on the morning of the day before surgery and then at the 1st, 3rd and 7th day after surgery, respectively. The hemoglobin (Hb), total protein (TP), pre-albumin (PA), lymphocyte count (L), creatinine (Scr), uric acid (UA), urea nitrogen (BUN), glomerular filtration rate (EGFR_EPI_C), white blood cells (WBC) of the patients were detected. The intake of enteral nutrition on the 7th day after operation was investigated. The correlation between nutritional status and the length of stay was analyzed. SPSS 23.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the indicators before surgery, the values of TP, ALB, PA, Hb were decreased significantly after surgery in all groups(P<0.05). The level of TP on postoperative day 7 was significantly higher than that on postoperative day 1 and postoperative day 3(P<0.05). The PA level on the third day after surgery was significantly lower than that on the first day after surgery(P<0.05). The Hb level on the 7th and 3rd day after surgery was significantly lower than that on the 1st day after surgery (P<0.05). The level of L decreased significantly in each group after surgery compared with the level before surgery(P<0.05), and gradually increased in each group after surgery, with significant difference among each two groups (P<0.05). Compared with preoperative value, blood Scr was significantly decreased in all groups after surgery (P<0.05), the UA level after surgery was significantly lower than the preoperative level in all groups(P<0.05), and at the 3rd day after surgery was significantly lower than at the 1st day after surgery(P<0.05). After surgery, the eGFR_EPI_c level was significantly higher than the level before surgery in all groups (P<0.05), and at the 7th day after surgery was significantly higher than at the 1st day after surgery (P<0.05). The level of WBC in all patients after surgery was significantly higher than that before surgery(P<0.05), and the level at the 3rd and 7th day after surgery was significantly higher than that at the 1st day after surgery(P<0.05). At the 7th day after surgery, the energy and protein intakes of the patients were significantly lower than the recommendations. There was positive correlation between preoperative BMI and TP, ALB levels at the 1st postoperative day and the TP level at 3rd postoperative day(P<0.05). There was no direct correlation between preoperative BMI and the length of postoperative hospital stay (P>0.05). The length of postoperative hospital stay was negatively correlated with the age and negatively with TP and ALB levels at the 1st postoperative day(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early postoperative nutritional status of patients with malignant oral and maxillofacial neoplasms complicated with diabetes mellitus decreased significantly. The energy and protein intakes of the patients are significantly lower than the recommendations. The length of postoperative hospital stay is negatively correlated with early postoperative nutritional status and age. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of toothpaste containing emulsifier 30 and sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant on the integrity of oral epithelium YANG Mei, ZHAO Hai-ping, YANG Jie 2021, 30 (3):  312-315.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.018 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (812KB) ( 280 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of toothpaste containing emulsifier 30 and sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant on the integrity of oral epithelium. METHODS: Sixty individuals equally divided into 2 groups by random number table methods. Group A received toothpaste containing emulsifier 30, while group B received fluoride toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) surfactant. The exfoliation of oral soft tissue was evaluated before, 30 minutes and 4 days after the test. The fluoride concentration in plaque and saliva was compared between the two groups. The data were processed with SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: The scores of oral soft tissue exfoliation at 30 min and 4 d after the test were increased significantly (P<0.05). The scores of subgingival, supragingival, oral apex and oral soft tissue exfoliation of group A at 30 min after using the paste were significantly lower than those 4 days after using the paste(P<0.05), while no significant change was observed in the score of oral soft tissue exfoliation at the dorsal tongue(P>0.05). The total scores of subgingival, supragingival, dorsal tongue, ventral tongue and oral soft tissue exfoliation in group B 30 min after using the paste were significantly higher than those at 4 d after use, and the score of oral soft tissue exfoliation at oral apex was significantly lower than that at 4 d after use (P<0.05).The total scores of subgingival, supragingival, dorsal tongue, ventral tongue and oral soft tissue exfoliation in group B at 30 min after using the paste were significantly higher than those of group A, while the score of oral soft tissue exfoliation at oral apex was significantly lower than that of group A(P<0.05).The total scores of subgingival, supragingival, ventral tongue and oral soft tissue exfoliation in group B at 4 d after using the paste were significantly higher than those of group A(P<0.05). The scores of oral soft tissue exfoliation at oral apex and dorsal tongue at 4 d after use had no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The fluoride concentration in plaque and saliva was increased significantly in both groups after test(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both fluoride toothpaste containing emulsifier 30 and SLS surfactant cause a certain degree of oral soft tissue exfoliation. In comparison, fluoride toothpaste containing emulsifier 30 has less oral soft tissue damage; moreover, the two fluoride toothpastes can effectively inhibit acid production of plaque bacteria and prevent occurrence of caries. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of mid-palatal suture opening and midfacial bony structure changes induced by maxillary skeletal expansion in adults CHUNG Miri, LYU Zheng-zhan, ZHU Bo-kai, WANG Xi-jun, QU Ran-yi, FAN Lin-feng, JIANG Ling-yong 2021, 30 (3):  316-322.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.019 Abstract ( 1141 )   PDF (1144KB) ( 317 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the opening of mid-palatal suture, transverse changes in dental and dentoalveolar measurements and shift of midfacial bony structures induced by maxillary skeletal expansion (MSE) with cone-beam CT (CBCT), and to evaluate the effect of maxillary skeletal expansion and its influence on adjacent bony structures in adults. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 12 adult patients with maxillary transverse deficiency (4 males, 8 females) at a mean age of (21.17±4.13) years old. All patients were treated with MSE. After treatment, the posterior crossbite was corrected, and the width of the maxillary arch was achieved the optimal width. Pre- and post-treatment CBCT exams were taken before and after MSE treatment. Multiplanar coronal and axial slices obtained from CBCT images were used to measure the changes in transverse widths, angular changes and tooth inclination with Dolphin Imaging 11.9. SPSS 26.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After MSE treatment, the anterior nasal spine width increased by (2.38±1.01) mm, posterior nasal spine width increased by (2.25±1.08) mm (P<0.01). The inter-crown and inter-apex distance at the first molar increased by (5.56±1.38) mm and (4.14±1.29) mm, respectively (P<0.01). No significant difference was seen in terms of tooth inclination of the first molar(P>0.05). Pterygoid process angle, pterygoid process width, anterior inter-maxillary distance, upper and lower inter-zygomatic distance were significantly larger after treatment (P<0.01), while the inter-temporal distance and bilateral zygomaticomaxillary angle remained unchanged(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MSE has a favorable effect in adult patients with parallel skeletal expansion of the mid-palatal suture achieved after expansion. The teeth present with certain buccal inclination but show no significant movement relative to the alveolar bone. The midfacial bony structures also shift in three-dimensional under the effect of the expansion force. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of dental emergency cases in the first half from 2017 to 2020 in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital DONG Yi-yun, GUO Yi-bo, TAO Lan 2021, 30 (3):  323-327.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.020 Abstract ( 1005 )   PDF (887KB) ( 179 )   PURPOSE: This study aimed to summarize and analyze dental emergence data and compare with the same period from 2017 to the first half of 2020, to provide a basis for improving the quality of dental emergency care and formulating rational allocation. METHODS: A total dental emergency cases from 2017 to the first half of 2020 were collected, statistical analysis was carried out according to patients' sex and age, chief complaints and diagnosis with SPSS 18.0 software package. RESULTS: The top three diseases in 2017 of dental emergency were maxillofacial trauma, facial infection and dental pulp disease. From 2018, most of the specialized patients were treated due to oral craniomaxillofacial injury , maxillofacial infection and tumors. The top three chief complaints for 3 consecutive years were facial swelling, toothache and dental trauma. The difference of emergency data within 4 years was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: There are a large number of patients which follow the regular pattern and a wide scope of disease types in dental emergency department. The total amount has a rising trend year by year. After divisions of dental emergency department are established, the patients' treatment is more timely, convenient and targeted, and the quality of medical service has been improving. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Satisfaction and clinical assessment of 56 adult patients with biofunctional complete denture DENG Yu-wei, WEN Jin, ZHAO Jun, CHENG Hui-juan 2021, 30 (3):  328-331.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.021 Abstract ( 429 )   PDF (805KB) ( 174 )   PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the patient satisfaction and the clinical effect of biofunctional complete denture via questionnaire survey. METHODS: Fifty-six patients(26 males and 30 females) with biofunctional complete denture were asked to fill in a questionnaire about satisfaction and the type-variety of food after repair for 1 week, 1 month and 3 months during regular follow-up visits or telephone visits. SPSS 26.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: After 3 months of wearing bio-functional complete denture, the average score of the five indicators of aesthetic degree, speech function, chewing function, retention function and comfort level of the patients were >6, reaching the level of "satisfactory" or "fair"; among which the aesthetic degree was the highest (7.71±1.46).The food type score reached 33.96±1.21 at the third month. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that each group of indexes changed significantly over time (P<0.05). Except that the mean value of aesthetics score was equal at 3 months and 6 months, the other indexes all increased along time. Among 56 patients, two had 5 or more times of modification due to pain, accounting for 3.57%. CONCLUSIONS: Bio-functional complete denture can achieve good clinical effect in the early stage of denture repair in patients with dentition loss. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of extensive cervicomandibular scar in children and adolescent patients with bilateral expanded scapular flaps: report of 7 consecutive cases FU Xiu-jun, WANG Chen, LIANG Yi-min, ZHOU Ren-peng, WANG Dan-ru 2021, 30 (3):  332-336.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.03.022 Abstract ( 248 )   PDF (1050KB) ( 150 )   PURPOSE: To explore the feasibility of applying bilateral free expanded scapular flaps to treat extensive cervicomandibular scar in children and adolescents. METHODS: This study reviewed 7 children and adolescent patients who received bilateral expanded scapular flaps to treat extensive cervicomandibular scars in the Pediatric Plastic Surgery Ward from August 2018 to December 2020. The scars in all patients involved neck, mandible, and anterior chest. The cervical scars involved the anterior neck and one or both sides of the lateral neck, and there were varying degrees of cervical dysfunction and mandibular dysplasia. The operation was completed into two stages. In the first stage, the expanded circumflex scapular artery perforator flaps were designed on both sides of the back and soft tissue expanders were implanted. The expansion process lasted for 6-14 months. In the second stage, the scar tissue was removed and contracture was released, and the expanded flaps were harvested. The cervical wound was repaired with free flap transplantation by anastomosing the facial artery and vein with the circumflex scapular artery and vein. The donor sites were closed directly. RESULTS: In this series of 7 patients, one patient had poorly healed incision after the expander was implanted. One expanded flap ruptured before the second-stage surgery, which was successfully treated by secondary surgery. One patient had expansion problem due to the blockage of the internally placed injection bottle, which was treated by placing the injection bottle externally. One patient developed a small area of ischemic necrosis at the distal end of the flap after transplantation, which was treated conservatively with dressing change. The postoperative follow-up was 6 months to 2 years. The cervico-mandibular angle restored to normal range, the cervical extension, flexion, and rotation were significantly improved. Two patients underwent flap thinning and scar releasing. CONCLUSIONS: The route of the circumflex scapular artery is constant. Bilateral expanded scapular flap transplantation can be used to repair extensive cervicomandibular scar in children and adolescent patients. The flap donor site is concealed and secondary damage is minimal. References | Related Articles | Metrics