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20 February 2014, Volume 23 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Basic Study

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Effect of hypoglycosylated E-cadherins on proliferation and invasiveness of tongue squamous cell carcinoma ZHANG Ping-ping1, XU Xiu-ying1, GAO Zhen-nan1 2014, 23 (1):  1-6.  Abstract ( 149 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1267KB) ( 211 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of N-glycosylated E-cadherins on proliferation and invasiveness of tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL 27 cells, and to study the effect of hypoglycosylation of E-cadherins on the stability of adherens junctions (AJs) mediated by E-cadherins. METHODS: Human tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL 27 cells were respectively transfected with the plasmids encoding either hypoglycosylated or wild-type E-cadherins with FLAG as tags. Western blot of FLAG was used to detect the expression of exogenous E-cadherins in the transfected cells after 48 hours. The cell proliferation counting, monolayer cell scratch wound healing and in vitro cell invasiveness assays were performed to evaluate the proliferation and invasiveness of cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments were used to assay the quantity of α-catenins, β-catenins, γ-catenins and vinculins linked with the cytosolic tails of E-cadherins. All statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: The expression of exogenous E-cadherins was detected in transfected CAL 27 cells by Western blot. Cell proliferation counting assay revealed that hypoglycosylated E-cadherins significantly inhibited proliferation of CAL 27 cells, compared with wild-type E-cadherins. The monolayer cell scratch wound healing and in vitro cell invasiveness assays indicated that hypoglycosylated E-cadherins also significantly restrained both invasiveness of CAL 27 cells, compared with wild-type E-cadherins. The immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that hypoglycosylated E-cadherins exhibited an increased association with α-catenins, β-catenins, and γ-catenins and vinculins. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with wild-type E-cadherins, hypoglycosylated E-cadherins can significantly suppress proliferation and invasiveness of tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL 27 cells, and the mechanism was that hypoglycosylated E-cadherins can induce more stable AJs than wild-type E-cadherin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study of tissue-engineered bone constructed with simvastatin carried by PLGA/CPC and bone marrow stromal cells HAN Xiao-qian, DONG Zhi-heng, YU Xiang-ru, GUO Chong-chong, GU Xu, WU Zhe 2014, 23 (1):  7-8.  Abstract ( 223 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1648KB) ( 195 )   PURPOSE: To study the feasibility of tissue engineered bone constructed with simvastatin carried by PLGA/CPC and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and screen the effective drug loading of simvastatin. METHODS: Solvent casting-particle leaching technology combined with the phase separation process was used to prepare the different concentrations (simvastatin mass: 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg) of simvastatin carried by PLGA/CPC composite scaffold materials. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the porosity and drug release curve was drawn; Alizarin red staining and type I collagen staining were applied to observe the effect of osteogenic medium and simvastatin on the role of BMSCs to the osteogenetic differentiation. The induced passage 3 cells after dil staining were mixed with the composite scaffold material to a complex. Scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal microscope were used to observe the adhesion on the complex. CCK-8 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were applied to observe the proliferation and differentiation. SPSS 18.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The scaffold porosity was more than 90% with an average aperture of 200-300 μm. The drug released slowly. There was no obvious interpretation. Type I collagen showed positive expression. Alizarin red staining proofed the formation of mineralization nodules in group which was induced with the conditional medium and simvastatin. 0.5 mg group showed cells adhered to the inner surface of the scaffold material and could significantly promote the proliferation and differentiation of cells. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of simvastatin and osteogenic medium can effectively promote the differentiation of BMSCs. Simvastatin carried by PLGA/CPC scaffold materials is an ideal tissue engineering scaffold material. PLGA/CPC scaffold containing 0.5 mg simvastatin can effectively promote the proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal and spacial expression of perlecan in dental pulp after injury LI Qiao, SUN Hong, PAN Yi-huai, LIU Chuan-tong 2014, 23 (1):  15-19.  Abstract ( 137 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (937KB) ( 214 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the temporal and special expressions and functions of perlecan in dental pulp of rats after injury. METHODS: Specimens of one side of maxillary molars of 24 male SD rats were collected 1,3,5,7 days after injury, and the other side were used as controls. The specimens were decalcified and embedded in paraffin, sliced by longitudinal section and stained by immunohistochemistry. The staining of perlecan and β1 integrin were examined, and the average optical density (AOD) was compared. The measurement data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: The staining intensity of perlecan in dental pulp in the experimental group was significantly higher compared with that of the control group. The immunolocalization of perlecan in dental pulp was gradually progressed as the inflamed tissue was progressing after injury, and its AOD was significantly higher than that of control group (F=11.104,P<0.05), especially in the group of 1 d. The staining of β1 integrin was generally enhanced in the pulp 3 d after injury, and its AOD was significantly higher than that of control group (F=124.18,P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Perlecan may play an important role in tissue defense mechanism after injury through regulating angiogenesis and inflammatory cell infiltration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The expression of CD4+ T cells in different bacteria strain-induced mice periodontitis WANG Lin-yuan, JIN Ying, LIN Xiao-ping 2014, 23 (1):  20-25.  Abstract ( 212 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1594KB) ( 209 )   PURPOSE: To compare the expression of CD4+ T cells in mice periodontitis induced by two periodontal pathogen strains, and evaluate the role of CD4+ T cells in periodontitis. METHODS: Twelve C57BL/6 mice were divided into 3 groups at random including sham-infected, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) W83-infected and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277-infected groups. All mice were sacrificed at the 4th week after the last infection. The analysis of alveolar bone resorption and the examination of histological staining were performed. The population of CD4+ T cells in the gingivae and the cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. SPSS 11.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The levels of alveolar bone resorption were significantly high in both P. gingivalis W83-infected and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277-infected mice compared to sham-infected mice. Histological staining showed that the loss of periodontal attachment and osteoclasts-mediated alveolar bone resorption were found in both P. gingivalis W83-infected and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277-infected mice. Moreover, the periodontal destruction was severer in P. gingivalis W83-infected mice than in P. gingivalis ATCC 33277-infected mice. Flow cytometry showed that the percentage of CD4+ T cells in the gingivae and CLNs in both P. gingivalis W83-infected and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277-infected mice were significantly higher than that in sham mice, and P. gingivalis W83-infected mice had a higher percentage of CD4+ T cells compared to P. gingivalis ATCC 33277-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS: The population of CD4+ T cells participates in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, and closely correlates with the periodontal destruction induced by periodontal pathogen infection. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on EEG changes after occlusal trauma during sleep in rats MENG Chun-xiu, LIU Di, ZHAO Xiao, WANG Shi-qin, CAO Jian-bo, JI Ping 2014, 23 (1):  26-29.  Abstract ( 167 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (832KB) ( 229 )   PURPOSE: To explore the electroencephalogram (EEG) changes after occlusal trauma in rats. METHODS: Health Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: traumatic occlusion group (1-day, 3-day, 7-day, 14-day, 28-day group) and control group. The electrodes were inserted in the hippocampus of anesthetized rats guided by stereotaxic apparatus of brain and then the hippocampal EEG were recorded during sleep. Data were analysed by SPSS 17.0 software package for ANOVA. RESULTS: The δ waves were increased and the frequency and amplitude of EEG were significantly reduced in 1-day traumatic group(P<0.05); The waves were decreased and the frequency and amplitude of EEG were significantly increased in 3-day traumatic group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference compared with the control group. The δ waves were decreased in 7-day and 14-day traumatic group and the frequency and amplitude of EEG were significantly increased (P<0.05). The indexes in the 28-day traumatic group returned to normal. CONCLUSIONS: Occlusal trauma can change the EEG of the rat during sleep. It mainly affects the deep sleep, and reduces sleep quality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Ca(OH)2 on the cytotoxicity of lipopolysaccharide extracted from Porphyromonas endodontalis in vitro GUO Jia-jie, QIU Li-hong, YU Ya-qiong, XU Li-ya, FAN Yun-qian, ZHONG Ming 2014, 23 (1):  30-34.  Abstract ( 210 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (785KB) ( 188 )   PURPOSE: To detect the degradation of Ca(OH)2 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Porphyromonas endodontalis (P.e) in vitro and estimate the influence of P.e LPS pretreated with Ca(OH)2 on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. METHODS: The effect of Ca(OH)2 on MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Then P.e LPS was treated with Ca(OH)2 for 30 mins or 60 mins at 37℃ in vitro and the activity of P.e LPS was evaluated by Chromogenic End-point Tachypleus Amebocyte Lysate (CE TAL) test. Finally, MC3T3-E1 cells were exposed to P.e LPS pretreated with 15% Ca(OH)2 for 1, 3 and 5 d, and the cell proliferation was measured using the MTT assay comparing with the P.e LPS control group. SPSS 13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the negative control, exposing cells to 5%, 10% and 15% Ca(OH)2 had greatly promoted MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation. P.e LPS treated with 10% and 15% Ca(OH)2 both presented the best results by CE TAL and significant difference compared with P.e LPS control group. When 10 μg/mL P.e LPS was pretreated with 15% Ca(OH)2, no inhibition of MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Ca(OH)2 detoxifies P.e LPS in vitro, mitigates the impact of P.e LPS on MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of bond strength between low fusing porcelain with goldplated cobalt-chromium alloys GUO Jing, ZHU Jia, ZHU Hong-shui 2014, 23 (1):  35-38.  Abstract ( 166 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (589KB) ( 235 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the bond strength of Vita OMEGA 900 low fusing porcelain fused with the goldplated Wirobond® cobalt-chrome metalt ceramic alloy. METHODS: Low fusing porcelain was fused with the cobalt-chromium alloy strips(group A) and the goldplated cobalt-chromium alloy strips(group B) respectively according to ISO9693 (A:8、B:10). 8 specimens of each group were submitted to three point bending test. Two more test pieces fused with gold plated cobalt-chromium alloys were made (group B’). One test piece of both group B and group B’ were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) randomly. The data was analyzed with SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: The bond strength (MPa) of group A and group B was 29.92±4.28 and 28.20±5.21, respectively (P>0.05), both higher than 25 MPa required by ISO9693. SEM showed that Vita OMEGA 900 low fusing porcelain and the goldplated Wirobond® cobalt-chrome metalt ceramic alloy combined together closely without cracks. Much gold was fused to the cobalt-chrome alloy surface of breaking porcelain specimen after testing. CONCLUSIONS: Vita OMEGA 900 low fusing porcelain can match with the goldplated Wirobond® cobalt-chrome metalt ceramic alloy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in osteoblast differentiation on roughened titanium surfaces JIANG Huan-huan, DONG kai, LIU Shu-tai, LIU Zhong-Hao 2014, 23 (1):  39-45.  Abstract ( 152 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1279KB) ( 185 )   PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sand-blasted and acid-etched titanium surface on MC3T3-E1 murine pre-osteoblast cell differentiation, and investigate the pathway of regulating osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on sand-blasted and acid-etched titanium surface in order to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of surface roughness on osteoblastic differentiation. METHODS: The characteristic of PT polished titanium (PT), sand-blasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surface were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Real-time PCR was applied to detect the expression of osteogenic genes including Runx2, OSX, OCN and OPN of the MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on the 2 groups of substrates.ERK1/2 activities in MC3T3-T1 cells were measured by Western blot on SLA surface. The data was analyzed using SAS9.0 software package. RESULTS: The result of SEM observation showed that the PT surface was turned titanium surfaces with the mean peak to valley roughness (Ra) of 0.2 μm and the corresponding Ra value of SLA was 3.2 μm. The expression levels of Runx2, OSX, OPN and OCN were significantly higher and the cell proliferation was significantly lower on SLA surfaces than on PT surfaces (P<0.05). The expression levels of Runx2, OSX, OPN and OCN were up-regulated by the effect of SLA surface with PD98095. Compared with PT surface, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was continuously inhibited by SLA. Moreover, PT surfaces treated with PD98095 and SLA surfaces without PD98095 both demonstrated reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation of the cells and the inhibitive effect of SLA surfaces was milder than that of PD98095. CONCLUSIONS: Surface roughness is an important factor that determines osteoblast behaviors. Surface roughness of titanium substrates seems to enhance the osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and the enhancing effect of surface roughness on cell differentiation may be mediated by suppressing the activity of ERK1/2 pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Photoelastic analysis of mandibular edentulous alveolar bone with denture adhesives ZHONG Qun, PENG Yan, WU Xue-ying, XIA Meng-pei 2014, 23 (1):  46-50.  Abstract ( 249 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (909KB) ( 183 )   PURPOSE: To compare the stress distribution of supporting tissues in Atwood level 3 alveolar bones under the mandibular complete dentures with and without denture adhesives. METHODS: Photoelastic models of epoxy were fabricated according to the standard Atwood level 3 edentulous model. 1.5 kg force was vertically applied on the bite force loading device. After stress frozen, photoelastic model slices in posterior teeth area were observed and analyzed. RESULTS: When using denture adhesives, stresses distributed more adequately in the buccal and lingual side and the force of alveolar crest increased remarkably. CONCLUSIONS: To those with Atwood level 3 alveolar ridge and complete denture, denture adhesives can not only increase stability but also prevent local pressure under uneven stress distribution. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of the effect of fluor protector on resistance to demineralization of milk beverages on enamel of primary teeth XU Qiang, ZHANG Wen-ru, MENG He, WANG Lin 2014, 23 (1):  51-57.  Abstract ( 235 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (6209KB) ( 220 )   PUPPOSE: To study the effect of fluor protector against demineralization of deciduous teeth enamel surface in milk beverages, to certify the mechanism of anti-demineralization of fluor protector, and provide laboratory basis for clinical practice of fluor protector and the prevention of infants and young children. METHODS: The enamel surfaces of 30 prepared deciduous teeth without caries were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group A was control group. Milk beverages were used in group B, and 0.1% fluor protector was used in group C. Each group included 10 specimens. All specimens were soaked in water tank at 37℃ for 4 days, but specimens in groups B and C were soaked at intervals in 10mL yogurt drinks in water tank at 37℃, 9 minutes for one time and 3 times for one day. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and spectrum analyzer were used to detect the changes in surface morphology of deciduous teeth enamel surface. The concentration values and the ratio of calcium / phosphorus were analyzed with SPSS11.5 software package. RESUITS: Enamel soaked in milk beverages had decreased Ca2 +and P3 + content significantly (P<0.01). Ca2 +and P3 + content in enamel in group C was significantly higher than in group B (P<0.01). Scanning electron microscopy showed enamel surface in group C had mild demineralization. CONCLUSIONS: Milk beverages can cause a strong acid demineralization in deciduous teeth enamel surface. The application of fluor protector in enamel surface can inhibit enamel demineralization in the milk beverages. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Study

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A comparative study of Bolton index in the youth and middle-aged and elderly people TAN Gui-ping, LU Shi-ying, HUANG Min-fang 2014, 23 (1):  58-61.  Abstract ( 409 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (438KB) ( 215 )   PURPOSE: To Investigate the changes of Bolton index, maxillary and mandibular teeth size and teeth size discrepancy (TSD) in the youth and middle- aged and elderly people. METHODS: One hundred ninety-one youth dental plaster casts from malocclusion patients and 63 middle-aged and elderly people with snoring or obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients were selected. 12 teeth size between the upper and lower first molar, width of maxillary lateral incisor, Bolton anterior and overall ratios and teeth size discrepancy were measured and calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: ①There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in Bolton anterior and overall ratios ( P>0.05 ).②The mean size of the upper lateral tooth in the youth was larger than the middle-aged and elderly people( P<0.01 ).There was no significant difference in 6 upper or lower anterior teeth size between canine and 12 mandibular teeth size between first molar in 2 groups, but the mean teeth size in the middle-aged and elderly people was smaller.③The prevalence of anterior and overall TSD in the youth was 31.4% and 42.4%,while it was 19.05% and 15.9% in the middle-aged and elderly group. ④There was significant difference(P<0.05 ) between 2 groups in width of upper lateral incisor, which was 7.46mm in the youth and 7.20 mm in the middle-aged and elderly group. ⑤Prevalence of laminal width of upper lateral incisor in patients with teeth size discrepancy was low. CONCLUSIONS: Bolton index does not change by age. Although the teeth size in middle-aged and elderly group are smaller than the youth group, the total reduction is little without clinical significance. The laminal width of upper lateral incisor isn’t the main cause for anterior or overall dental size discrepancy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of computer-aided surgery in fibrous dysplasia of cranio-maxillofacial bone TAN Xin-ying, HU min, TAO Ye, LUO Jin-chao, XU Juan, LIU San-xia 2014, 23 (1):  62-65.  Abstract ( 117 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1209KB) ( 212 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of computer-aided surgical techniques in surgical treatment of cranio-maxillofacial fibrous dysplasia. METHODS: Twenty-two patients from January 1999 to December 2012 with cranio-maxillofacial fibrous dysplasia were treated in our department. According to the patients’specific conditions, surgeons designed surgical programs, and used computer-assisted surgical techniques to produce skull model and navigation template individually. The effects after surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients with resection of the bone lesions restored facial symmetry partially. The patients were followed up for 3 to 36 months, and the treatment effects were satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: With preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation and postoperative prediction, computer-aided surgery shows its great value in improving the accuracy of cranio-maxillofacial surgery, shortening operating time and restoring facial symmetry. It is regarded as a valuable and safe surgical technique in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical and radiographic evaluation of simultaneous endosseous implant placements with xenographic bone grafts in bone defect by cone-beam computed tomography WANG Xing, MENG Jian 2014, 23 (1):  66-70.  Abstract ( 312 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1283KB) ( 205 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome and osteogenesis of simultaneous endosseous implant placements with xenographic bone grafts in horizontal bone defect. METHODS: Ten patients underwent simultaneous endosseous implant placements with xenographic bone grafts from January, 2010 to June, 2012. These patients were scanned by cone-beam computed tomography immediately, 3 months and 6 months after operation, respectively. The alveolar ridge thickness were measured in different sites, and the data with normal distribution was analyzed with SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: With increase of xenographic bone graft retention time, the difference of osteogenesis of xenographic bone grafts was significantly different (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cone-beam computed tomography can clearly determine the clinical outcome and osteogenesis of simultaneous endosseous implant placements with xenographic bone grafts in horizontal bone defect, which is characterized by good ossification. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of sinus floor elevation guided by cone-beam computer tomography ZHOU Wen-qing, CHEN Jan-rong, ZHOU Yong-qiang, WU Yan-ping, CHEN Lu, DING Shui-qing 2014, 23 (1):  71-74.  Abstract ( 278 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (770KB) ( 252 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the value of using con-beam computer tomography (CBCT) to evaluate bone volume in the edentulous area of posterior maxilla, and guide sinus floor elevation. METHODS: Twenty eight patients who planed to receive dental implant in the posterior maxilla underwent CBCT scan. After analysis of residual bone height, 19 patients with 5-10 mm bone height below the sinus floor underwent transcrestal sinus floor elevation, while 7 patients with less than 5 mm bone height below the sinus floor underwent lateral window sinus floor elevation. The treatment outcomes were assessed postoperatively. RESULTS: CBCT detected bone deficiency in the posterior maxillary alveolar bone in 26 patients, mucus cyst of maxillary sinus in 1 patient and sinus septa in 2 patients. Nineteen patients underwent transcrestal sinus floor elevation, and 7 patients underwent lateral window sinus floor elevation. All patients completed final dental restorations, and the restorations achieved satisfactory function and esthetic. CONCLUSIONS: CBCT imaging plays an important role in determining bone quality in posterior maxilla and guiding sinus floor elevation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between DEK oncogene expression and oral squamous cell carcinoma WANG Xuan, HUANG Shao-hui, YU Li-qiao, LIU Jie, DIAO Yao, SUN Chang-fu 2014, 23 (1):  75-79.  Abstract ( 200 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1138KB) ( 222 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of gene DEK in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and explore the role of DEK in the development and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Thirty-three specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 28 specimens of cervical lymph nodes metastasis, and 33 specimens of normal oral mucosal tissues adjacent to the cancerous lesions were examined. Polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT - PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of DEK, respectively.The results were analysed with SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of DEK mRNA and DEK protein in metastatic lymph nodes (82.1%, 82.1%) and cancerous tissues (81.2%, 76.8%) of OSCC were significantly higher than in the adjacent tissues (27.3%, 18.2%). The difference between cancerous tissues and adjacent tissues was significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: DEK may play an important role in the occurrence and metastasis of OSCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical evaluation of glass fiber-reinforced composites for fixed orthodontic lingual retainers WU Hai-miao, ZHANG Ju-ju, PAN Jie, CHEN Dong 2014, 23 (1):  80-82.  Abstract ( 219 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (397KB) ( 232 )   PURPOSE: The purpose of this clinical evaluation was to assess the clinical effect of application of everStick Ortho glass fiber-reinforced composites for orthodontic lingual retainer. METHODS: A total of 12 patients underwent orthodontic treatment using glass fiber-reinforced composites for fixed orthodontic lingual retainers. During a 24-month follow-up period after application of retainers, the condition of lingual retainers and the periodontal status were examined every 6 months. Gingival index and sulcus bleeding index were analyzed by nonparametric tests with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: During 24-month follow-up period, 11 orthodontic lingual retainers were stable without fracture while the periodontal tissue revealed no significant changes in all 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The application of everStick Ortho glass fiber-reinforced composites for orthodontic lingual retainer is a viable alternative to conventional retainer used in orthodontic treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of modified casting post with zirconia crown in restoration of anterior teeth GU Fei-fei, CHEN Wei-dong, HUANG Yuan-liang, LIU Tian-lin 2014, 23 (1):  83-86.  Abstract ( 198 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (820KB) ( 202 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of modified casting post with zirconia crown in restoration of anterior teeth. METHODS: A total of 45 anterior teeth (32 patients) were treated with modified gold-alloy post-cores with zirconia crowns. All roots were greatly tilted to the labial side. Marginal integrity, anatomic form, surface, color and the gingival situation after restorations were assessed at 6 and 12 months with the California Dental Association (CDA) quality assessment system. RESULTS: The clinical outcome of 44 zirconia crowns achieved rank A (97.8%), while the gingival situation in one patient (2.2%) reached rank B. CONCLUSIONS: Modified gold-alloy post-core with zirconia crown contributes to the aesthetic effect of the anterior teeth which need to change the angle. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The reliability of the salivary occult blood to test gingival inflammation HUANG Jia-ni, YIN Yuan-zheng, Ding Jin 2014, 23 (1):  87-90.  Abstract ( 288 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (649KB) ( 205 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability of salivary occult blood test(SOBT) for gingival inflammation. METHODS: Forty-five pre- and post-stimulation saliva samples were tested for occult blood, with bleeding on probing (BOP) as an indicator of gingival inflammation. Subjects with BOP%<15% were defined as control group. The examinations were repeated 3 months after periodontal initial therapy. The relationship between the results of SOBT and gingival inflammation was analyzed. SAS6.12 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The SOBT of pre-stimulation was higher in gingivitis group than in control group (P<0.05). BOP% and SOBT of post-therapy was significantly decreased (P<0.01), with 90% of pre- and 63% of post-stimulation SOBT turning negative. The sensitivity and specificity of pre- stimulation SOBT in screening gingivitis were 32.35% and 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of the post-stimulation SOBT were 88.24% and 81.82%. CONCLUSIONS: SOBT is correlated with gingival inflammation, which may be used as an objective parameter to evaluate gingival inflammation and the efficacy of periodontal therapy at individual level. It may offer a simple screening method for gingival inflammation applied in periodontal epidemiologic studies in large population. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of tape A behavior in patients with oral lichen planus SANG Tao, XU Han-mei, YANG Yan-jie, MA Jie 2014, 23 (1):  91-94.  Abstract ( 166 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (493KB) ( 290 )   PURPOSE: To study the type of behavior in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). METHODS: This study included 78 patients who were diagnosed as OLP and 79 healthy people. Using case-control method, subjects in 2 groups completed the questionnaire of type A behavior and SCL-90. Then the results were analyzed with SPSS 19.0 soft ware package. RESULTS: The scores in questionnaire of type A behavior and SCL-90 between the 2 groups had significant difference (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant correlation between oral lichen planus and type A behavior. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Survey of the coverage and influencing factors of pit and fissure sealants in primary and middle school of Hangzhou city FANG Da-feng, CHEN Yan-juan, CHEN Yao, CHEN Hui 2014, 23 (1):  95-98.  Abstract ( 149 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (508KB) ( 262 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the coverage of pit and fissure sealants in primary and middle school students of Hangzhou city, and to explore the causes of unsealing students. METHODS: An analysis of sealing rate and unsealing causes of eligible children in Hangzhou city was carried out, using 3-year data of pit and fissure sealants program sponsored by the government. Based on the results, the validity of pit and fissure sealants as a government-sponsored public health program was evaluated. RESULTS: The sealing rate was 52.89%. The main reasons of unsealing were uneruption and incomplete eruption of teeth when the medical teams went to school for pit and fissure sealing. CONCLUSIONS: The main reason of unsealing is eruption issue, which can be controllable. Some scientific adjustments need to be made to improve the coverage, such as increasing sealing times considering the difference of teeth eruption. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship between maxillary anterior impacted teeth and sagittal facial type TIAN Yu-lou, PIAO Mei-ling, ZHAO Zhen-jin, LIU Fang, WANG Jing, CAO Yu-ming 2014, 23 (1):  99-102.  Abstract ( 243 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (545KB) ( 214 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between impaction of maxillary anterior teeth and sagittal facial type and evaluate the dentofacial morphological characteristics of patients with maxillary teeth impaction. METHODS: Totally 90 patients with maxillary anterior teeth impaction were divided into 3 groups (one incisor impaction, one canine impaction and two canines impaction), and their cephalometric films were measured and analyzed. They were further divided into Class Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ facial types according to ANB and the constituent ratio were calculated. SPSS 17.0 software package was applied for Student’s t test and chi-square test. RESULTS: SNA, A’-Ptm’ and L1-NB were smaller than the normal value in the 3 groups. Convexity, L1-MP, ANB and Wits appraisal were smaller while AB plane angle, U1-NA and U1-NA were greater than the normal value in groups of one and two canines impaction; S’-Ptm’, L1-NB were smaller while U1-L1 was greater than normal value in group of two canines impaction; Among the 3 groups, ANB and Wits appraisal were the smallest while AB plane angle was the greatest in group of two canines impaction. The sagittal facial type of 90 patients was mainly Class I (50%), but Class III in group of two canines impaction increased to 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Impacted maxillary anterior teeth might result in short maxillary basal bone. One canine impaction has the greatest influence than one incisor impaction on sagittal position of jaws. Two canines impaction has the greatest impact on sagittal facial type and tends to be Class Ⅲ facial type. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Valacyclovir as an adjunct to full-mouth scaling and root planing of advanced chronic periodontitis：a randomized clinical trail FU Yong-wei, LI Xiang-xin, GONG Yong-qing, XU Hong-zhi 2014, 23 (1):  103-106.  Abstract ( 300 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (476KB) ( 242 )   PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical benefit of valacyclovir when performing full-mouth periodontal debridement in patients with advanced chronic periodontitis. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned into control-treatment group(n=29) and intensive-treatment group(n=30). All patients were given instructions of basic oral hygiene and a standard cycle of supragingival mechanical scaling and polishing. Patients in the intensive-treatment group received oral valacyclovir for 1 week, while patients in the control-treatment group received placebo. Thereafter, patients in both groups underwent full-mouth intensive removal of subgingival dental plaque biofilms with the use of scaling and root planing within 48 hours. Periodontal parameters were evaluated before treatment and 2 or 6 months after treatment. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: No significant difference in clinical parameters was noted before treatment. 2 and 6 months after treatment, the mean percentage reduction of sites with BOP and PD≥4 mm were significantly higher in the intensive-treatment group than in the control-treatment group (P<0.05). Similarly, patients in the intensive-treatment group had higher mean PD reduction than those in the control-treatment group 2 months (P<0.05) and 6 months after therapy (P<0.05). However, the mean values of CAL reduction were slightly and not significantly higher in the intensive-treatment group than in the control-treatment group after therapy. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that valacyclovir significantly improves clinical results of full-mouth non-surgical periodontal debridement in advanced chronic periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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Application of the advanced dental local anesthesia technique in the clinical teaching of oral surgery CAI Yu, ZHAO Yi-fang, ZHAO Ji-hong 2014, 23 (1):  107-109.  Abstract ( 172 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (443KB) ( 262 )   The advanced dental local anesthesia technique of Single Tooth Anesthesia (STA) was widely used in the department of oral surgery in major dental schools in China. This technology had been developed to assist the dentist to provid enhanced pain relief with reduced injection pain and fewer adverse effects, and also help the patient to relax from fear. In our department, STA technology has been used in the clinical teaching, and widely accepted by the dentists, students and patients. This paper discussed the experiences and problems of the application of STA in clinical teaching. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of dental education between 3 schools of dentistry in Europe, America and China SHEN Pei, ZHANG Shan-yong, FANG Bing, ZHENG Jia-wei, YANG Chi 2014, 23 (1):  110-112.  Abstract ( 266 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (370KB) ( 334 )   In order to understand the status and characteristics of dental education in Europe, America and China, and clarify the shortcomings of dental education in China, this study selected Columbia University, Vienna Medical University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Stomatology as representatives. The similarities and differences of the three institutions were compared through investigating education background and education model, in order to provide references for dental education. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Reports

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The influence of individual nursing care on extraction of teeth for old outpatients ZHANG Ling-yi, TENG Mei-rong, ZOU De-rong, RUAN Hong 2014, 23 (1):  113-116.  Abstract ( 165 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (564KB) ( 203 )   PURPOSE: To assess the impact of individual nursing care on aged patients who underwent tooth extraction in outpatient clinic. METHODS: One hundred aged patients who required tooth extraction were allocated into the experimental group (with individual nursing care before extraction) or the control group (blank control). The level of patients’ anxiety was evaluated by HAMA scale before and after extraction. The pain state was evaluated by VRS scale after extraction. The date was analyzed for student's t test and ANONA by SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: Both the anxious score and VRS score after extraction in the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For aged patients who underwent tooth extraction, individual nursing care can alleviate the level of their anxiety, which is helpful to improve their reliance and reduce complications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary report of botulinum toxin type A injection at trigger point for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia：experiences of 16 cases WANG Shuang-yi, YUE-jin, XU Yao-xiang, XUE Ling-fa, XIAO Wen-lin, ZHANG Chun-yang 2014, 23 (1):  117-119.  Abstract ( 346 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (395KB) ( 298 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of injection of botulium toxin type A at trigger point for treatment of patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: Sixteen patients with primary Trigeminal Neuralgia were treated with injection of botulium toxin type A. Visual analog scores(VAS) at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3months and 6 months after treatment and Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain evaluation criteria were utilized to measure the degree of pain. The data was analyzed with SPSS 10.0 software package. RESULTS: The VAS score was 9.12±0.65 before botulium toxin type A injection while the scores were 2.8±1.36, 2.2±1.26, 1.3±1.45, 1.3±1.45 and 1.2±2.52 at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month,3 months and 6 months after treatment. There was significant difference in VAS compared with before treatment. VAS score was lower and stable at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment, but no significant difference was found at 1-week and 2-week after treatment. BNI evaluation results showed good therapeutic effect 1 week after treatment, while the best therapeutic effect was noted 1-3 months after treatment. 6 months later, 1 patient had recurrence and 11 patients had complete relief of pain. CONCLUSIONS: Botulium toxin type A injection is an effective way for treatment of patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review Ariticle

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Research progress of bonding strength between procelain veneer and enamel CHENG Hong, ZHANG Fu-qiang 2014, 23 (1):  120-125.  Abstract ( 264 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (655KB) ( 341 )   Porcelain veneer had gained more and more attention in dental clinical applications due to its advantages such as good esthetic effects and minor invasiveness. The reliable and consistent adhesive bonding were the key to success. The enamel which featured high mineralization and low moisture would be the ideal bonding part for porcelain veneer. This article was aimed to summarize the research progress regarding to those factors that might had effect on the bonding strength between the porcelain veneer and the enamel including the restoration types of resin adhesives and bonding surface preparations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Case Reports

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Nasal glioma: report of one case WU Yuan-yuan, SUN Xiao-juan, HUANG Yong-qing, CAO Kun, BAI Jue, ZHAI Xue-feng 2014, 23 (1):  126-128.  Abstract ( 129 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (880KB) ( 218 )   Nasal glioma, which is also known as nasal glial heterotopia, is a rare benign congenital lesion. A lot of explanations for the pathogenesis of this disease have already been provided. However, all of them lack theoretical basis. Nowadays, for nasal glioma, complete resection of the tumor is generally used in clinic treatment. CT examination or MRI is necessary for confirming the lesions and the relation between the tumor and intracranial part. This paper reported a neonatal nasal glioma case associated with congenital nasal deformity. References | Related Articles | Metrics