Shanghai Journal of Stomatology

The effect of Foxc2 overexpression on the osteogenic properties of C3H10T1/2 cells

WANG Min-jiao, SI Jia-wen, LI Hong-liang, OUYANG Ning-juan, SHEN Guo-fang

2016, 25 (4): 385-389.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of Foxc2 overexpression on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. METHODS: C3H10T1/2 cells were transfected with plenti-Foxc2 and selected with puromycin for stable clones. The expression of Foxc2 was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 kit. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The level of osteogenic biomarkers Runx2, OPN, OCN and adipogenic biomarker PPARγ were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and oil red staining were conducted to evaluate the effect of Foxc2 overexpression on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: C3H10T1/2-Foxc2 cell line was successfully constructed and verified by direct sequencing and Foxc2 overexpression in vitro. Cell proliferation was reduced and cell cycle was blocked in G1/G0 phase. Enhanced ALP staining and reduced oil red staining were observed in C3H10T1/2-Foxc2 cells as compared with the control. Foxc2 overexpression up-regulated Runx2, OPN, OCN during osteogenic differentiation and down-regulated PPARγduring adipogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: C3H10T1/2 cell line stably expressing Foxc2 gene was successfully established, cell proliferation was reduced, osteogenesis biomarkers were up-regulated during the osteogenesis by overexpression Foxc2, PPARγwas down-regulated during adipogenesis.

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Expression of OPG/RANK/RANKL in the rat dental pulp tissue of periodontitis combined with vascular calcification and its clinical significance

PAN Ke-qing, ZHANG Peng-mei, DENG Jing, LOU Xiu-xiu, MENG Yun, LIU Gui-rong

2016, 25 (4): 391-395.

Abstract ( 393 )

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PURPOSE: To study the expression and possible role of OPG/RANK/RANKLin the rat dental pulp of periodontitis combined with vascular calcification. METHODS: Thirty-six male Wister rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group(group C), periodontitis group(group CP), vascular calcification group(group VDN) and compound group(group CP+VDN). Each group underwent corresponding management to establish animal model. When the model was successful, the maxillae including molars were sectioned, pulp tissue was examined by H-E staining; Immunohistochemical staining method was used to evaluate the expression and ratio of OPG and RANKL in pulp tissues. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: The pulp tissue of group CP, VDN, CP+VDN showed varied degrees of damage, neutrophil infiltration, pulp vascular congestion, odontoblasts vacuolar changes, pulp necrosis by H-E staining, and the changes in CP+VDN group was the most significant, followed by CP group, VDN group. Immunohistochemistry showed OPG in pulp tissues in group CP, VDN, CP+VDN were significantly lower than that in normal group (P<0.05), and the expression in group CP+VDN was the least;Expression of RANKL in pulp tissues in group CP, VDN, CP+VDN were significantly higher than that in normal group(P<0.05),and the expression in group CP+VDN was the highest. The ratio of OPG/RANKL in normal group was the highest, and the ratio in CP+VDN group was the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontitis and vascular calcification can damage the pulp tissue, periodontitis compound with vascular calcification may aggravate the injury; OPG/RANKL/RANK system may play an important role in pulp tissue injury.

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The effect of rat dental papilla cells on macrophage secretion of cytokines though paracrine mechanism

LI Xin, HONG Hong, ZHANG Yan qing, WEI Xi

2016, 25 (4): 396-402.

Abstract ( 268 )

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PURPOSE: To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of rat dental papilla cells (RDPCs) on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced macrophages. METHODS: Dental papilla tissues from SD rats were isolated and cultured. Cells were passaged and purified using different digesting method. After osteogenic differentiation of rat dental papilla cells, mineralized nodules were assessed by Alizarin red S staining. Oil red-O staining was used to observe the lipid after adipogenic differentiation of rat dental papilla cells. The effect of rat dental papilla cells conditioned medium (RDPC-CM) on macrophages proliferation was assessed using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). LPS-stimulated macrophages were treated with RDPC-CM and the level of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) in the supernatants were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Greiss reagent. The results were analyzed by using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: RDPCs were found around dental papilla piece after 24h of cultures, the cells could be purified using different digesting methods. Aliarin red staining and Oil red-O staining certified the presence of mineralized nodules and lipid in rat dental papilla cells, respectively. CCK-8 assay results showed that the proliferation of macrophages was not affected by RDPC-CM. ELISA and Griess reagent assay revealed a significantly decreased level of TNF-α in the supernatants of LPS-stimulated macrophages upon RDPC-CM treatment compared with the control, but not the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and NO.

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Effect of different doses of radiation on human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma cells

HUANG Yu-meng, WANG Ying, LI Yong, LIU Ping, LIU Xian-feng, ZHAO Hong-wei

2016, 25 (4): 403-408.

Abstract ( 346 )

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PURPOSE: To explore the effect of different doses of radiation on human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma cells (SACC-83, SACC-LM). METHODS: Different doses of radiation (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Gy) were applied to SACC-83, SACC-LM cells and the cells were continued to culture for 48 h. CCK-8 test, flow cytometry(FCM) and cell scratch experiment were used to observe cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell migration. SPSS19.0 software package was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The effect of radiation on SACC-LM cells survival rate, cell apoptosis, heteroploid and cell migration ability were significantly greater than that on SACC-83 cells (P<0.05). In SACC-83 cells, compared with other doses of radiation, 6 Gy of irradiation was the most sensitive on cell survival rate, cell apoptosis, heteroploid and cell migration ability. CONCLUSIONS: Radiation sensitivity of SACC-LM was greater than that of SACC-83 cells. With 6 Gy of radiation, changes of biology in SACC-83 cells most significant than other doses of radiation.

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The radiosensitization of nimotuzumab on CAL-27 cells after ¹²⁵I seeds irradiation

WANG Xing, GU Jian-min, MENG Jian, SHAO Cui-ling

2016, 25 (4): 409-413.

Abstract ( 241 )

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PURPOSE: To observe the inhibitory effect of nimotuzumab combined with low-dose continuous irradiation using ¹²⁵I seeds on CAL-27 cells originating from human tongue squamous carcinoma, and explore the radiosensitization of nimotuzumab on human tongue squamous carcinoma CAL-27 irradiated with ¹²⁵I seeds. METHODS: The exponential-phase CAL-27 cells were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, ¹²⁵I seeds irradiation group, nimotuzumab group, nimotuzumab plus ¹²⁵I seeds irradiation group. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of ¹²⁵I seeds irradiation on CAL-27 cancer cells, and flow cytometry assays were performed to calculate the apoptosis rate of cells and cell cycle from each group. The morphology of cells was compared using Hoechst 33258 staining. The data were analyzed with SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: ¹²⁵I seeds inhibited the growth of CAL-27 cells in time-dose dependent manner. The apoptosis rate of cells irradiated by nimotuzumab combined with ¹²⁵I seeds irradiation was higher than that treated with nimotuzumab and ¹²⁵I seeds irradiation respectively, and nimotuzumab followed by radiation had a lower S phase cells(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Nimotuzumab combined with ¹²⁵I seeds irradiation killed CAL-27 cells by inducing apoptosis. Nimotuzumab and low-dose γ ray emitted from ¹²⁵I seeds can significantly enhance the radiosensitivity of CAL-27.

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Mechanism of TNF-α in bone defect of chronic apical periodontitis

YU Ya-qiong, QU Liu, QIU Li-hong, GUO Jia-jie, MA Nan, ZHU Li

2016, 25 (4): 414-419.

Abstract ( 218 )

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharides(LPS) extracted from Porphyromonas endodontalis(P.e) on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α ) mRNA in MC3T3-E1 cells and the role of NF-κB signaling on the expression of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) induced by TNF-α in MC3T3-El cells. METHODS: MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with different concentrations of P.e-LPS(0-50 mg/L) and 10 mg/L P.e-LPS for different time (0-24 h). The expression of TNF-α mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with different concentrations of TNF-α(0-10 ng/L) for 6 h. The expression of M-CSF mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay(ELISA).The expression of M-CSF protein was also detected in 10 ng/L TNF-α treated MC3T3-E1 cells after pretreated with BAY 11-7082 for 1 h, a special NF-κB inhibitor . Statistical analysis was performed using Multi-way ANOVA and Dunnett t test with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The level of TNF-α mRNA increased significantly after treatment with different concentrations of P.e-LPS(0-50 mg/L),which indicated that P.e-LPS induced osteoblasts to express TNF-α mRNA in dose dependent manners. Maximal induction of TNF-α mRNA expression was seen in the MC3T3-E1 cells treated with 10 mg/L P.e-LPS for 6 h. After 6 h, the expression of TNF-α mRNA decreased gradually .The expression of M-CSF mRNA and protein was increased in a does- dependent manner by different concentrations of TNF-α treatment（0-10 ng/L）. The expression of M-CSF protein increased from (37±2) ng/L(control group) to (301±8) ng/L(10 ng/L group).The protein of M-CSF decreased significantly after pretreatment with 10 μmol/L BAY 11-7082 for 1 h, and the expression of M-CSF proteins was reduced from (253±14) ng/L to (154±2) ng/L .BAY group had no significant difference from the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of TNF-α mRNA was increased by P. endodontalis LPS treatment in osteoblast. TNF-α may induce the expression of M-CSF in MC3T3-E1 cells through the signaling of NF-κB. It suggests that TNF-α affect osteoblasts through autocrine way for bone destruction in chronic apical periodontitis induced by P.e-LPS.

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Effect of CPNE7 siRNA on cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells

LIU Cai-hong, HU Hai-yan

2016, 25 (4): 420-425.

Abstract ( 209 )

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of CPNE7 siRNA on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLs). METHODS: hPDLs were isolated by enzyme digestion, transfected with pSUPER-CPNE7 in order to knock down CPNE7. The expression of CPNE7 mRNA and protein was detected by Western blot and RT-PCR; ELISA was carried out for the activity of NF-κB; hPDLs were pretreated with PDTC (10 μmol/L) for 30 min, CCK8 was used to evaluate the proliferation; ALP activity was assayed with ELISA; The expression of RUNX2, OSX and OCN was measured with RT-PCR and Western blot. The data were analyzed with SPSS11.0 software package. RESULTS: After transfection with pSUPER-CPNE7, CPNE7 expression was significantly decreased (P<0.05). ELISA assay indicated that CPNE7 siRNA enhanced NF-κB activity. CCK8 and RT-PCR assay showed that CPNE7 siRNA inhibited cell proliferation, ALP activity and decreased the expression of RUNX2, OSX and OCN in hPDLs; however, these effects were abolished by PDTC. CONCLUSIONS: CPNE7 siRNA inhibits the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLs through NF-κB pathway.

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In vivo and in vitro experimental study on the effect of fluoride-induced autophagy in rat HAT-7 cell line

LEI Shuang, ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Kai-qiang, LI Jian

2016, 25 (4): 426-430.

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PURPOSE: To study the effect of fluoride on autophagy in rat ameloblasts both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Logarithmic-phase HAT-7 cells were cultured in different concentrations of fluoride for 48h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to detect autophagosomes. Western blot and RT-qPCR were carried out to examine the expression of LC3 and Beclin 1. Forty Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups randomly. The expression of LC3 and Beclin 1 in rats was investigated by immunohistochemical staining in vivo. The data were analysed using SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: The amount of autophagosomes in the experimental group was significantly more than that in the control group (P<0.05). The expression of LC3 and Beclin 1 were up-regulated in dose dependent manner after treatment with fluoride. Regression analysis showed that fluoride dependently induced the expression of LC3 and Beclin 1 (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression of LC3 and Beclin 1 in rat ameloblasts in the experimental groups was positive compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive fluoride induced autophagy in ameloblasts both in vitro and in vivo.

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Stress distribution in abutment teeth and related tissues under different design of connector: three-dimensional finite element analysis

BAI Li-ming, LI Guo-qiang, ZHANG Qiang, DONG Xian

2016, 25 (4): 431-437.

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PURPOSE: To compare the stress distribution in abutment teeth and related tissues under the same material and different loading between improved major connector design and traditional major connector design. METHODS: One 55-year-old male patient with unilateral maxillary first molar and second molar missing was chosen. The stress distribution in abutment teeth and related tissues were evaluated with spiral CT scanning, Mimics, Geomagic Studio software, a study model was built and finite element analysis was performed using ANSYS software. RESULTS: With the improved major connector design, the stress of abutment decreased significantly, the stress of periodontal decreased, the stress of edentulous mucosa increased significantly and became more balanced, the trend of stimulated absorption of alveolar bone decreased. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with distal free defect of dentition, the design of improved major connector has the effect of stress interruption, can protect the abutment better, detract the stress of the denture and has an good protective effect on the edentulous mucosa and alveolar bone.

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Correlation of Treg and IL-15 expression in the peripheral blood of patients with oral lichen planus

WANG Cui-jie, LI Yan-jun, XUE Jiang-nan, CI Hao-su, LI Li-ping, LI Ling

2016, 25 (4): 438-442.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of Treg and IL-15 in the peripheral blood of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). METHODS: The peripheral blood was obtained from 36 OLP patients and 20 healthy controls. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the proportion of Treg cells, and the level of IL-15 was measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: In the peripheral blood of OLP patients, the proportion of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg cells and IL-15 content were significantly higher than those of the healthy controls (P<0.05), but there were no significantly difference between two clinical subtypes of OLP(P>0.05). The proportion of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺Treg cells was positively correlated with the level of IL-15(r=0.70,P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The high expression of Treg cells and IL-15 in the perpheral blood of OLP patients may be responsible for the pathogenesis of OLP.

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The expression and clinical significance of IL-35 in periodontitis and oral lichen planus

WANG Yu, JIN Ying, WANG Yi-yue, XU Dan-ni, LIN Xiao-ping

2016, 25 (4): 443-447.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and oral lichen planus, and the correlation between periodontitis and oral lichen planus patients. METHODS: The gingival crevicular fluid（GCF） and serum were collected from patients with oral lichen planus (n=20), periodontitis (n=20), periodontitis and oral lichen planus (n=20) and healthy controls (n=12). The patients' basic information, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index were measured and collected. The expression of IL-35 in GCF and serum was detected by ELISA. SPSS19.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The concentration of IL-35 in patients with periodontitis and oral lichen planus was significantly higher than that of other groups(P<0.05). There was significantly positive correlation between IL-35 level and periodontal clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontitis and oral lichen planus may increase the concentration of IL-35 both in serum and GCF. The expression of IL-35 was positively correlated with periodontitis and oral lichen planus.

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Clinical significance of calcitonin gene-related peptide level before and after treatment in patients with chronic periodontitis

YAN Ying, XIANG Xue-rong, WANG Chun, YE Guo, FAN Xiao-ping, YANG Mei

2016, 25 (4): 448-452.

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PURPOSE: To explore the clinical significance of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after treatment, and to detect the calcitonin gene-related peptide content in human venous blood. METHODS: Thirty healthy controls and thirty patients with mild, moderate, severe periodontitis were enrolled from August 2014 to June 2015.CGRP level in the patients' peripheral blood was detected by ELISA. Three months after periodontal treatment, CGRP level in mild, moderate, severe periodontitis patients' peripheral blood was re-examined by ELISA. Then the correlation between calcitonin gene-related peptide and inflammation of chronic periodontitis was analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: The content of CGRP in healthy controls was significantly higher than that in patients with periodontitis. With the aggravation of periodontal inflammation, blood level of CGRP decreased gradually, and the lowest was in patients with severe periodontitis (P<0.01). Three months after periodontal treatment, CGRP content was significantly higher compared with that before treatment (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in patients with different degree of periodontitis (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The level of CGRP in venous blood decreased with the increasing severity of chronic periodontitis, and CGRP was negatively correlated with the degree of inflammation of chronic periodontitis. CGRP may be involved in the occurrence and development of chronic periodontitis. CGRP content in serum of patients with chronic periodontitis after treatment was significantly increased, CGRP may be used as the basis for clinical detection of chronic periodontitis.

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Clinical study on the effect of anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste in control of gingivitis and dental plaque

ZHANG Wei, FENG Xi-ping, TAO Dan-ying, CHEN Jian-fen

2016, 25 (4): 453-455.

Abstract ( 283 )

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PURPOSE: To observe the effect of anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste in control of gingivitis and plaque. METHODS: The study was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trail with a total of 100 subjects who were divided into two groups, experimental group and control group. The subjects in experimental group used anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste to brush twice daily for 3 minutes, and the subjects in control group used none anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste. The examiner recorded GI, PI and BOP index of all subjects at the baseline, 6-weeks and 12-weeks. SPSS21.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Twelve weeks later, there were significant differences in GI and BOP between the two groups. Yet no significant difference was found in PI. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste is effective in control of gingivitis.

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Evaluation of the maxillary basal bone and molar change of skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion treated by sagittal-guidance Twin-block

YI Ying-yu, ZHAO Ning, SHEN Gang

2016, 25 (4): 456-460.

Abstract ( 465 )

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance on maxillary basal bone and buccal segment distalization in developing Angle Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion. METHODS: The measurement data of anterior-posterior direction and vertical dimension between pretherapy and post-treatment, including 34 developing Angle Class Ⅱ division 1 patients with sagittal-guidance Twin-block and non-extraction treatment, were quantitatively analyzed by X-ray cephalometry and Pancherz. SPSS 20.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After orthopedic treatment, the maxilla significantly retruded (0.68 mm, P<0.01), the maxillary molars moved posteriorly (1.33 mm, P<0.01). After orthodontic treatment, the maxillary bone still turned out posteriorly (0.65 mm, P<0.05), and the molar teeth were slightly distalized (0.53 mm, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The correction of developing Angle Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion can be achieved by sagittal-guidance Twin-block.

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Anatomy of temporomandibular joint and condyle position in Uygur adult patients evaluated with cone-beam CT

WANG Jie-rui, PAN Xu, MI Cong-bo

2016, 25 (4): 461-464.

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PURPOSE: To compare the anatomy and condyle-fossa relationship difference between Uygur adult patients with Class I and Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion by three dimensional cone-beam CT (CBCT). METHODS: Sixty-four patients with Class I and Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion were selected, and the CBCT scans of their temporomandibular joints were taken.The difference of the condylar morphology and location between Class I and Class Ⅱ division 1 patients was analyzed with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: The position of condyle in the TMJ fossa was not significantly different between the two groups; in Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion group, the mandibular fossa depth, anterior joint space and the superior joint space were significantly bigger (P<0.05), but the posterior joint space was significantly smaller than those in Class I malocclusion group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were difference in condyle position and TMJ morphology between Class I and Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion group in Uygur adult patients.

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Analysis of minocycline hydrochloride combined with Vitapex in treating senile chronic periodontal-endodontic combined lesions

LIU Zhen-yu, ZHANG Jing-dong, ZHANG Lin, YANG Jian, LIU Xiang-hui

2016, 25 (4): 465-468.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of minocycline hydrochloride combined with Vitapex in treating senile chronic periodontal-endodontic combined lesions. METHODS: One hundred twenty patients with senile chronic periodontitis and endodontic lesions patients treated in our hospital between Jun.2012 to Jun.2014 were selected. They were divided into experimental group (n=60) and control group (n=60). Patients in the control group were given conventional root canal therapy, while patients in the experimental group were given Vitapex and minocycline hydrochloride. The clinical effect between two groups was compared. SPSS18.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared with pre-treatment, the levels of IL-17, TNF-α and CRP in serum were decreased in two groups, but the levels in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). Compared with pre-treatment, PD, GI, BI, PLI were decreased in two groups, but the levels in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). The effective rate of experimental group was 83.33% and the control group was 68.33%, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For chronic periodontitis and endodontic lesions, besides conventional root canal therapy, Vitapex combined with minocycline hydrochloride can significantly improve the clinical effect.

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Torque control evaluated by lateral cephalometric radiography and cone-beam CT after retraction of the upper anterior teeth

YANG Xue, QIAN Yu-fen

2016, 25 (4): 469-474.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between torque control and movement type of the teeth and to investigate the correlation between reconstruction of the alveolar bone and retraction of the upper anterior teeth. METHODS: Cephalograms of pre-treatment and post-treatment of 111 cases and cone-beam computed tomography of pre-retraction and post-retraction of 7 cases were collected. The inclination degree of the upper anterior teeth, the horizontal and vertical displacement of edge and apex,and the thickness of the alveolar bone at the apex level were measured. Student's t test and Pearson χ² test were performed for statistical analysis with SAS 8.02 software package. RESULTS: Cases who received torque control during the period of retraction displayed less change of inclination degree of the upper anterior teeth, less lingual displacement of the edge, more lingual displacement of the apex. The total thickness of the alveolar bone at the apex level and the length of the teeth significantly decreased after retraction(P<0.05). The amount of the alveolar bone rebuilt after retraction was less than that of the tooth movement, and there was no significant difference between teenagers and adults. CONCLUSIONS: During retraction of the upper anterior teeth, cases who received torque control showed less inclination degree change of the upper anterior teeth, less lingual displacement of the edge, more lingual displacement of the apex. More bodily movement and partially controlled tipping movement as well as higher incident rate of severe root resorption would also arise. There was correlation between reconstruction of the alveolar bone and the tooth movement. Since the amount of adaptive reconstruction of the lingual alveolar bone was limited, and there was no difference between teenagers and adults, excessive lingual displacement would surpass its adaption ability, and gave rise to alveolar bone and tooth damage.

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Comparison of treatment results between implant anchorage and traditional intraoral anchorage in patients with maxillary protrusion

MA Ning, LI Wei-ran, CHEN Xiao-hong, ZHENG Xu

2016, 25 (4): 475-480.

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PURPOSE: To compare the treatment effects in patients with maxillary protrusion between implant anchorage and traditional intraoral anchorage. METHODS: Thirty patients with maxillary protrusion treated with bilateral maxillary first premolars extractions and high anchorage were selected. They were randomly divided into implant anchorage group and traditional intraoral anchorage group. Each group had 15 cases. The casts and the cephalograms were obtained before treatment (T1) and after treatment (T2). Three-dimensional model analysis was used to compare the teeth movements between the two groups and cephalometric analysis was used to compare the changes of skeletal and soft tissues. The differences were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: In the implant anchorage group, the upper central incisors were retracted by (6.661±1.328) mm and intruded by (0.129±1.815) mm. In the traditional intraoral anchorage group, the upper central incisors were retracted by (5.788±2.009) mm and extruded by (2.623±1.776) mm. There was no significant difference between the two groups in sagittal movement (P>0.05), but there was significant difference in vertical movement (P<0.05). In the implant anchorage group, the upper first molars were protracted by (0.608±1.045) mm, intruded by (0.608±1.045) mm and moved palatally by (0.477±0.904) mm. In the traditional intraoral anchorage group, the upper first molars were protracted by (1.503±0.945) mm, extruded by (0.072±0.690) mm and moved palatally by (0.883±0.752)mm. There was significant difference between the two groups in sagittal movement and vertical movement (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in horizontal movement(P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the changes of cephalometric measurements of skeletal and soft tissues (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Implant anchorage maybe superior in vertical control of the maxillary incisors and also superior in sagittal and vertical control of the maxillary molars to traditional intraoral anchorage during management of maxillary protrusion.

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Clinical effect of Nd:YAG laser combined with total glucosides of paeony for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus

HU Ai-ping, LIU Zong-xiang

2016, 25 (4): 481-483.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effect of Nd:YAG laser combined with total glucosides of paeony (TGP) taken orally for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus (OLP). METHODS: Sixty patients who were diagnosed as erosive OLP with clinical symptoms were divided into experimental group (n=28) and control group (n=32) using a random number table. All patients received TGP while the patients in the experimental group were given Nd:YAG laser irradiation. The clinical effects were evaluated 3 months after treatment. The data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: Three months later, the average VAS score and sign score had improved significantly to (1.36±1.39) and (2.32±1.56) in the experimental group. The same tendency was observed in the control group and at the time point no significant difference was observed between the experimental group and the control group. The effectiveness of the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (82.1% vs 53.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Nd: YAG laser combined with TGP can improve the efficacy of erosive OLP. The regime is safe and effective, which is worth of wide clinical application.

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Preliminary study of Simplant software in mandibular molar implantation

TANG Tian-hong, SONG Meng, NIU Xiao-yong, PAN Jin-song

2016, 25 (4): 484-486.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical effect and implementation method of mandibular molar implantation using a CT machine combined with Simplant software so as to provide a safer and more reliable method for preoperative preparation of mandibular molar implantation. METHODS: CT/cone-beam CT (CBCT) examinations were applied among 10 cases selected into the study. The Simplant software was used to measure the distances between implantation point center and superior wall of inferior alveolar nerve canal (H1), buccolingual diameter (H2), mesiodistal diameter (H3), ginginal thickness(H4) and occlusal distance (H5). Simplant software was also applied to calculate the bone mineral density of implantation areas and trace the inferior alveolar nerve canal. RESULTS: H1 was between 10.7 mm-17.6 mm, H3 was between 5.4mm-8.3mm.The 10 selected cases undertook implantations according to the results of simulation and all of them succeed after a one year's clinical follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: According to its accuracy in measuring data of the implantation area, Simplant software can be routinely used in preoperative preparation of mandibular molar implantation, which will make the process safer and more controllable.

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Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of short- and long-term airway changes in patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion treated by orthodontic therapy and bimaxillary surgery with or without mandibular setback surgery

WANG Hong-wei, LI Li-yan, QI Su-qing, YAN Ming, ZHANG Chao, REN Su-feng, BAN Jian-dong

2016, 25 (4): 487-491.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of pharyngeal airway in skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion patients who underwent bimaxillary surgery or isolated mandibular setback-orthodontic treatment. METHODS: The sample included 54 patients (28 males, 26 females) who were diagnosed with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion. Patents in group A (n=28) underwent mandibular setback surgery and orthodontic treatment. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) was taken at one week before treatment (T0), 6 months (T1) and 3 years after surgery (T2).Patents in group B(n=26) underwent Le Fort I procedures with bilateral split ramus osteotomies-orthodontic treatment; The raw data reconstructed into 3D model. Sagittal and transversal measurements, cross sectional areas, partial and total volumes were evaluated. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software package to determine the changes in each group. RESULTS: Six months after surgery, the sagittal diameters and cross sectional areas of each section in group A were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Oropharyngeal volume, hypopharyngeal volume and total volume were significantly narrowed (P<0.01). Three years after surgery, only sagittal and cross sectional areas in the first cervical vertebra plane were returned to the original levels (T2-T0：P>0.05, T2-T1: P<0.05). In group B, the sagittal diameters and cross sectional areas of each section (except CV1 plane) were significantly decreased(P<0.05) 3 years after surgery, but most measurements returned to the original levels. CONCLUSIONS: Pharyngeal airway space decreased after combined therapy in the short term; however, relapse occurred and not to its original position in the long term.

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Clinical study of facial artery island flap for reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial tissue defects in 96 consecutive patients

WANG Wei, PAN Chao-bin, CHI Yu-feng, WANG Pei, TAN Xi-tao, CHEN Yong

2016, 25 (4): 492-496.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of facial artery island flap for immediate reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects. METHODS: From March 2007 to August 2015, the clinical data of 96 patients with facial artery island flap for reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects were recorded and analyzed, including 46 patients undergoing anterograde facial artery flap and 50 patients undergoing reversed facial artery flap. The short-term and long-term clinical effect, including receipt site, flap survival, facial appearance and function, and postoperative complications were investigated. RESULTS: The overall success rate for facial artery island flap was 96.9%(93/96), 95.7% for anterograde flap (44/46), and 98.0% for reversed flap (49/50). All patients were followed up for six months to 6 years. The facial appearance and flap texture were satisfied. The speech and swallowing function was ideal. The scar was concealed. One patient had cervical recurrence, three had contralateral cervical lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The facial artery island flap of submandibular area can be used to repair maxillofacial defects of medium and small sizes. The operation is simple. The reversed facial artery flap is suitable to repair upper one-third of maxillofacial defect, the survival rate is high and cosmetic outcome is ideal.

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Efficacy of bFGF atomization inhalation on postoperative sore throat following oral and maxillofacial surgery under general anesthesia

LIU Bin, JIANG Yin-hua, XIAO Jian, LI Xiao-kun

2016, 25 (4): 497-499.

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PURPOSE: To observe the effect of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) atomization inhalation on postoperative sore throat following oral and maxillofacial operation under general anethesia. METHODS: Forty patients in whom oral and maxillofacial operation trachea was removed under general anesthesia were randomly divided into treatment and control groups; the treatment group received bFGF 35000IU + normal saline 20 mL, compression inhalation, day 1, every 20min, continued for 3 d; the control group was given normal saline 5 mL + dexamethasone 5 mg + gentamicin 80000 U + chymotrypsin 4000 U, compression inhalation, twice a day, every 20 min, continued for 3 d. Occurrence of postoperative sore throat 12 h after operation was recorded and visual analog scale (VAS) of sore throat (swallowing) 12,24,48,72 h after operation was measured. SPSS l4.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of sore throat in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01) 12 h after operation; sore throat (swallowing) VAS 12,24,48 and 72 h after operation in the treatment group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: bFGF atomization inhalation can reduce the incidence of sore throat and sore throat level in oral and maxillofacial surgery after endotracheal intubation.

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Treatment of mandibular angle fracture through intraoral and extraoral approach: a comparative study

ZHANG Bo-jun, WANG Wei-hong, XU Biao

2016, 25 (4): 500-510.

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PURPOSE: To compare the clinical effects of mandibular angle fracture surgery through intraoral and extraoral approach. METHODS: From January 2008 to December 2014, 46 patients with mandibular angle fracture were retrospectively recruited in this study. An intraoral approach was used in 22 cases as group 1 in whom the fractures were fixed by one titanium miniplate alone, the others through an extraoral approach as group 2 in whom the fractures were fixed by two plates. Intermaxillary traction was used in all patients for 3 weeks following the operation. The data was collected in MS Excel 2003 and further analyzed by SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: The wound healing was in uneventful group 1, no complication occurred 3 weeks later. On the contrary, 5 cases with postoperative infection and 3 cases with temporary weakness of facial nerve were observed in the group 2. Three months later, postoperative panoramic radiographs showed mandible fractures healed well in group 1; while in group 2, three cases complained of unhealed fractures and unsatisfactory occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with extraoral approach to manage mandibular angle fracture with 2 miniplates, one miniplate through intraoral approach can provide better outcomes.

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The improvement of periodontal teaching mode based on PDCA theory

WANG Hong-yan, HAN Ling-na, ZHU Xiao-hua, MA Hong-mei, PAN Ya-ping

2016, 25 (4): 504-502.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of PDCA teaching mode on clinical ability in the process of periodontal clinical internship. METHODS: Forty-eight undergraduate interns coming from School of Stomatology, China Medical University were divided into 2 groups, one group received traditional teaching mode, the other group received a teaching mode based on PDCA cycle. At the end of internship, every student was assessed by theoretical examinations, case reports and clinical skill practice. χ2-test was used to determine the significant difference in clinical ability between the two groups. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: In clinical skill examination, 17 students in PDCA teaching mode group got "excellent" grade , 8 students got "good" grade, none student got "passed" grade; in traditional teaching mode group, 7 students got "excellent" grade, 16 students got "good" grade, 1 student got "passed" grade. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). In the theoretical examinations and case reports, 16 students in PDCA teaching mode group got "excellent" grade, 8 students got "good" grade, none student got "passed" grade; in traditional teaching mode group, 12 students got "excellent" grade, 9 students got "good" grade, and 3 students got "passed" grade. The difference between the two groups wasn't statistically significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PDCA teaching will train each student in a personalized mode, which is beneficial to finding defects existed in clinical practice and reinforcing the ability of communication and clinical practice.

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Review and prospectives of oral-maxillofacial surgery in the world

LIU Xiao-han, ZHANG Shan-yong, ZHENG Jia-wei, YANG Chi

2016, 25 (4): 507-506.

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This article introduced the developing history and present status of oral and maxillofacial surgery in the world, with the aim to provide references for education of oral and maxillofacial surgery and further development.

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Cardiovascular depression and intravascular hemolysis secondary to ethanol injection for arteriovenous malformation

CAI Mei-hua, SU Li-xin, QIU Lin

2016, 25 (4): 511-512.

Abstract ( 378 )

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Ethanol is the only liquid embolization agent which can cure arteriovenous malformation. Complications of ethanol embolization are not rare including local tissue injury, intravascular hemolysis and cardiovascular depression even collapse, etc. This report presented a case of long time cardiovascular depression and intravascular hemolysis secondary to ethanol embolotherapy of right ear. In order to avoid the fatal complications that are associated with ethanol sclerotherapy, anesthesiologists should consider the use of continuously invasive hemodynamic monitoring while surgeons should carefully choose the dose of ethanol.

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