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20 June 2014, Volume 23 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Informal discussion on the “god particle” in medical science QIU Wei-liu 2014, 23 (3):  257-260.  Abstract ( 255 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (565KB) ( 265 )   References | Related Articles | Metrics

Basic Study

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Expression of Streptococcus mutans surface protein PAcP and cholera toxin B subunit fusion gene in transgenic tomato GU Yu, LIU Jian-guo,GUAN Wei-wei, CHEN Zhu, BAI Guo-hui, TANG Lin, GUAN Xiao-yan, TIAN Yuan, HAN Qi 2014, 23 (3):  261-265.  Abstract ( 153 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (684KB) ( 230 )   PURPOSE:To detect the protein expression level of foreign fused gene in the first generation of genetically modified tomatoes transformed with fused gene of antigen epitope PacP in surface protein of Streptococcus mutans and cholera toxin B subunit. METHODS: The total DNA in tomatoes was extracted and PCR was applied to screen the first generation of transgenic tomatoes carrying Streptococcus mutans surface protein coding PAcP with cholera toxin B subunit fusion gene. Total proteins were extracted and quantitatively tested with BAC kit. Foreign fused protein expression level was analysed by Western blotting and ELISA. RESULTS: Ten DNA samples with the full length of 1.6 kb foreign fused DNA fragment was detected by PCR among all 18 samples. The crude protein in the transgenic tomato fruit tissue was 3.93 mg/mL. Compared with the normal tomatoes, Western blotting showed that the transgenic tomato protein contained a distinct protein band with a molecular weight about 60 kD. The results of ELISA suggested that fused foreign protein level was up to 0.18% of the total soluble protein in genetically modified tomato fruit. CONCLUSIONS: The target protein encoded by fused foreign gene of antigen epitope PacP in surface protein and cholera toxin B subunit was expressed in genetically modified tomatoes fruit. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of virulence-related properties of P. gingivalis clinical isolates ZHOU Yan-bin, LIU Da-li, LI Yun-peng, WANG Yi-wei, SHU Rong 2014, 23 (3):  266-272.  Abstract ( 193 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1018KB) ( 190 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the relation of virulence properties and pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivals) isolated from Chinese patients. METHODS: Based on the previous analysis of virulence properties, investigations of pathogenicity properties, including the adhesion to host cells, gingipain activities, and resistance to host immune reaction were performed to analyze the diversity of pathogenic properties of these strains. SAS 8.02 software package was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Less-virulent type strain showed higher adherence ability to host red blood cells and weaker resistance to serum killing, while virulent type strain showed the opposite reactions. However, the clinic isolates presented just the opposite relationship between virulence properties and pathogenicity. In addition, there was no obvious correlation between gingipain activities and virulence properties of P. gingivalis strains. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that there is no obvious linkage between the P. gingivalis virulence properties and pathogenicity diversity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of hypergravity exposure after 30 days of simulated weightlessness on chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in gingival tissue of rhesus macaque TANG Chu-hua, NIU Zhong-ying, ZHENG Yan-hua, BAO Bo, HONG Biao, CHEN Yu-hui 2014, 23 (3):  273-279.  Abstract ( 145 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1681KB) ( 273 )   PURPOSE: To study the effect of hypergravity exposure after 30 days of simulated weightlessness on the expression of chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in gingival tissue of rhesus macaque. METHODS: Twenty-three male rhesus monkeys were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely control group (A, n=3), weightlessness group (B, n=3), hypergravity group (C, n=3) and hypergravity exposure after 30 days of simulated weightlessness group (D, n=14). Group D was further divided into 4 subgroups according to the values of overload as: +11 Gx /270 s group (D1, n=3), +13 Gx /230 s group (D2, n=4), +15 Gx /200 s group (D3, n=4) and +13 Gx /230 s with 9 days of recovery group (D4, n=3). Histopathological changes of gingival tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and the expressions of CCL20 and CCR6 were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Histological observation showed that no significant histopathological change was found in the gingival tissues in all experimental groups. However, there were more infiltrated lymphocytes and neutrophils in the experimental groups. Normal gingival epithelial cells were hardly stained by anti-CCL20 but weakly stained by anti-CCR6. In the experimental groups, CCL20 could be detected in the basal layer of the gingival epithelial tissue, and CCR6 could be detected in the spinous layer and the basal layer of the gingival epithelium. The CCL20 and CCR6 expression in the gingival tissues of each experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group, not only at the protein level but at the mRNA level (P<0.05) except the CCL20 expression in the weightlessness group. CONCLUSIONS: Hypergravity exposure after 30 days of simulated weightlessness will not lead to significant pathological changes in gingival tissues, but can induce the expression of chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in gingival tissue. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Naringin on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro ZHANG Xue-bin, LIU Tian-lin, ZHANG Xin, TAN Ruan-jun, GE Hai-liang, HUANG Yuan-liang 2014, 23 (3):  280-284.  Abstract ( 213 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1600KB) ( 199 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the differentiation and osteogenic activity of Naringin-induced bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in dogs. METHODS:BMSCs were separated and cultured in vitro and identified by FCM. Then different concentration of Naringin (1×10-5, 1×10-6, 1×10-7, 1×10-8 and 1×10-9 mol/L) were added to cell culture media to induce BMSCs. The effect of Naringin on BMSCs was evaluated respectively by CCK-8 method and measuring the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The formation of nodules of calcium was detected by von Kossa staining. The data was analyzed with SPSS20.0 software package. RESULTS: The result of cell-surface marker displayed that the expression of CD34 and CD45 were negative while the expression of CD90 was positive. The values were 0.126%, 0.075% and 95.4%, respectively. Naringin could obviously promote cell proliferation, which exhibited the best effect on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation at concentration of 10-6 mol/L. Calcium nodule (von Kossa) staining was positive. CONCLUSIONS: Naringin-induced bone marrow stromal cells can be differentiated into osteoblasts. Naringin at the concentration of 10-6 mol/L can enhance the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of starvation on Candida albicans biofilm and persisters formation WU Xia, SUN Jing, CHU Hao-yue, QI Qing-guo 2014, 23 (3):  285-289.  Abstract ( 266 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1312KB) ( 234 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of starvation on Candida albicans(C. albicans) biofilm and persisters formation. METHODS: The growth curve was made by CFU counts methods in different culture times to find the exponential and stationary phases. C. albicans in exponential, stationary and starvation phases were developed respectively in 96-well microtiter plates to form 24 h biofilms model. Then the biofilms before and after amphotericin B (100 ?g/ml) treatment were quantified to determine the number of live cells. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS17.0 software package. The biofilm structure was observed by confocal scanning laser microscopy. RESULTS: Biofilm formation capacity of C. albicans in exponential, stationary and starvation phases reduced successively (P<0.05). The biofilms formed by starved C. albicans were predominately composed of yeast cells, compared with cells in exponential and stationary biofilms, which displayed filamentous growth. The ratios of persisters increased successively (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The formation of C. albicans persisters can be influenced by environment events, and starvation can increase the percentage of persister cells. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Monomer conversion effect of post-cure treatment on light-cured composite resin WANG Shuang, WANG Qing-shan, ZHANG Yun-tao, WANG Fang-hui, WANG Jing, SUN Xiao-kun 2014, 23 (3):  290-293.  Abstract ( 165 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (594KB) ( 182 )   PURPOSE: To study the influence of post-cure treatment on the monomer conversion of 3 light-cured composite resins. METHODS: Three kinds of light-cured composite resin: CHARISMA??, DenFilTM Flow and nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin were double-side cured for 40 s. The materials without any secondary treatment were used as control group (group A). Group B were lighted in Translux?? CU light cure case for 5 min. Group C were subjected to post-cure heat treatment for 7.5 min at 140℃ and Group D were post heated in 132℃ and pressured 0.2 MPa for 6.5 min. Degree of conversion (DC) of all the samples was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The data was analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The monomer conversion of light-cured composite resins improved at different degree after post-cure treatment, and group C was the most favorable group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, group B and C had significant differences (P<0.05) except when the DenFilTM Flow and CHARISMA?? were lighted for 5 minutes (P>0.05). Among the experimental groups, there was no significant difference between each group of DenFilTM Flow groups, CHARISMA?? illumination and hot-pressing groups, and n-HA composite resin illumination compared with 140℃ groups. CONCLUSIONS: Post-cure treatment can increase the monomer conversion of light-cured composite resin so as to improve material performance, particularly for the heat treatment for 7.5 min at 140℃. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different bonding procedure and root region on bond strength of fiber posts to root canal ZHANG Xian-fang, XU Pei-cheng, QIAN Wen-hao 2014, 23 (3):  294-299.  Abstract ( 199 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1085KB) ( 246 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of different bonding procedure and different root region on the bond strength of fiber posts to root canal. METHODS: Forty-two extracted intact human maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated with post spaces be prepared and divided into 6 groups randomly. The fiber posts were then luted with the following different bonding procedures. Group Ⅰ: total etch dentin bonding agent Luxabond + self-adhesive system Rely XTM Unicem; Group Ⅱ: total etch dentin bonding agent Luxabond + dual-cure rein cement Luxacore; Group Ⅲ: self etch dentin bonding agent Contax + self -adhesive system Rely X TM Unicem; Group Ⅳ:self etch dentin bonding agent Contax + dual -cure rein cement Luxacore; GroupⅤ:self-adhesive system Rely X TM Unicem; Group Ⅵ:dual-cure rein cement Luxacore. After dowel cementation, thin-slice push-out test was performed. The bonding interface and dentin surface were examined under scanning electron microscope. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: The results showed that different bonding procedures had significant different impacts on the bond strength (P<0.05).GroupⅠand Group Ⅲ had significantly higher bond strength compared with other groups. Resin tags of dentin bonding interface were observed in GroupⅠand GroupⅡ and intimate adaptations of resin cement with the substrate were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Coupled with total etch or self etch dentin bonding agent, self- adhesive system Rely X TM Unicem can improve the bonding strength of fiber posts obviously. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond of zirconia substructure and veneering ceramic ZHONG Qun, PENG Yan, WU Xue-ying, Weng Jia-wei 2014, 23 (3):  300-303.  Abstract ( 213 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (542KB) ( 245 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength of zirconia substructure and veneering ceramic. METHODS: Kavo zirconia specimens were divided into 4 groups (each group contains 8 specimens) according to different surface treatments: Group A was pigmented by dipping presintered blocks in the coloring solution VITA LL5, and not treated with abrasion after firing; Group B was pigmented with the same solution and then dealt with abrasion; Group C was not treated by any methods and Group D was only dealt with abrasion. All the veneering ceramics were fired on the zirconia substructure by slip-casting technique and the shear bond strength of zirconia substructure and veneering ceramic were tested. The data was analyzed statistically with SPSS 10.0 software package. RESULTS: The shear bond strength of the abrasive-treated groups (group B and group D) was significantly higher than the other two groups, but no significant difference was found between pigmented-treated groups (group A and group C) and non-pigmented-treated groups (group B and group D). CONCLUSIONS: Abrasion can increase the shear bond between Kavo zirconia substructure and veneering ceramics while pigmentation has no significant effect on the bonding strength. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of retrovirus-mediated hTRT transfection into cultured oral keratinocytes HUANG Ji-yan, LIU Wei, ZHOU Zeng-tong, ZHOU Hai-wen 2014, 23 (3):  304-307.  Abstract ( 218 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (832KB) ( 196 )   PURPOSE: Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTRT) was transfected into cultured oral keratinocytes (OKC) mediated by pBABE-tert recombined retrovirus to investigate the effect on OKC lifespan. METHODS: pBABE-tert recombined retrovirus loaded with hTRT gene was amplified by transfected PT67 cells, and then transfected into cultured OKC in vitro. The positive clones of OKC were separated by puromycin and subcultured. Telomerase activity was analyzed by telomerase PCR-ELISA and PCR-PAGE. RESULTS: The hTRT positive clones of OKC showed telomerase expression, with extending lifespan to 8-9 passages. CONCLUSIONS: The hTRT transfected OKC can prolong doubly lifespan but not be immortalized, which indicates that cellular immortality mechanism is complicated and multi-controled. Telomerase activity is the key for cell immortalization but not the only impact factor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The design and biomechanical evaluation of implantation on the mandibular defect reconstructed with rib graft CHEN Miao, FANG Li-hua, ZHANG Qing, YOU Jia 2014, 23 (3):  308-311.  Abstract ( 265 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1004KB) ( 201 )   PURPOSE: Applying geometric simulation and finite element analysis to an unilateral mandibular defect reconstructed with rib graft to evaluate the biomechanical properties and guide the implant restoration for this kind of mandibular defect. METHODS: A geometric and finite element analysis mechanic model of mandibular defect reconstructed with rib graft based on CT scan and graphic processing technique was established. Computer-aided simulation of implantation and finite element analysis were carried out to meet the prosthetic requirement. The feasibility and biomechanical properties of this design were also evaluated. RESULTS: Implant restoration on mandibular defect reconstructed with rib graft was feasible. The implant could be inserted perpendicularly to the rib graft and the stress after implantation was concentrated on the mesial aspect of the left mandibular second premolar area. At the later stage, a prosthetic restoration should be applied to adjust the occlusal relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy and success rate of an implant restoration on a mandibular defect reconstructed with rib graft can be raised via preoperative design of the location and angulation of implants aided by CT scan, graphic processing technique, biomechanical analysis, as well as stress reduction by prosthetic fabrication and occlusal adjustment at the later stage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fracture resistance of thin-walled teeth restored with different post and core materials ZHOU Wen-mei, HUANG Guo-wei 2014, 23 (3):  312-316.  Abstract ( 165 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (632KB) ( 264 )   PURPOSE: To discuss the selection of appropriate post and core materials in order to obtain better fracture resistance for thin-walled teeth. METHODS: Ninety maxillary incisors were endodontically treated and the crowns were cut off. Then they were randomly divided into 9 groups. The teeth in the first 4 groups were restored with cast (A1.3 and A1.6) and fiber (B1.3 and B1.6) posts of 1.3 and 1.7mm diameters. The teeth in the other 5 groups were enlarged to simulate the 1 mm thin-walled teeth and restored with cast (C) and fiber posts. The fiber posts were reconstructed and cemented with Unicem (D1.3 and D1.6) and ParaCore (E1.3 and E1.6). All teeth were restored with full crown, and the fracture resistance and fracture mode were analysed. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: Largest fracture resistance values (610.2±45.6) N were found in Group A1.3 of ordinary root canals, and no significant difference (P>0.05) existed between Group A1.3, A1.6 and B1.3, B1.6. Group C received the largest fracture resistance value(584.5±121.2) N in thin-walled root canals, and fiber posts reconstructed with ParaCore cement could increase fracture resistance [E1.3,(420.6±95.7) N; E1.6,(517.9±67.2) N], which was significant different compared with D1.3 and D1.6 (P<0.05), but similar to B1.3 and B1.6 in ordinary root canals. CONCLUSIONS: The root can be better preserved by fiber post and the fracture resistance is not affected by the posts with diameters of 1.3 mm and 1.6 mm. The fracture resistance of teeth can be enhanced by reconstruction of root canals with Paracore. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Study

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Expression and clinical significance of Cox-2 and XIAP in malignant tumors of the salivary gland NING Zhao-rong, LI Song, GUO Yan-wei, FANG Dian-ji 2014, 23 (3):  317-321.  Abstract ( 197 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1900KB) ( 213 )   PURPOSE: To detect the expression of Cox-2 and XIAP in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of salivary glands. To study the role and correlation between the expression of Cox-2 and XIAP in malignant tumors of salivary gland. METHODS: Immunohistochemical SP staining method was used to quantify the protein expression levels of Cox-2 and XIAP in 95 patients with malignant tumors of the salivary gland (50 ACCs,45 MECs),10 patients with pleomorphic adenoma and 10 persons with normal salivary gland tissues. SPSS17.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Cox-2 and XIAP were expressed strongly in malignant tumors of the salivary gland, while they not expressed in pleomorphic adenoma and normal salivary gland tissues. The expression of Cox-2 and XIAP in malignant tumors of salivary gland was correlated with clinical stage and lymphnode metastasis, while they not correlated with primary sites (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The high expression of Cox-2 and XIAP in malignant tumors of salivary gland may play an important role in the development of malignant tumors of the salivary gland. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of 12 cases of orthognathic surgery with digital computer-assisted technique TAN Xin-ying, HU Min, LIU Chang-kui, LIU Hua-wei, LIU San-xia, TAO Ye 2014, 23 (3):  322-327.  Abstract ( 176 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (2004KB) ( 284 )   PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the effect of the digital computer-assisted technique in orthognathic surgery. METHODS: Twelve patients from January 2008 to December 2011 with jaw malformation were treated in our department. With the help of CT and three-dimensional reconstruction technique, 12 patients underwent surgical treatment and the results were evaluated after surgery. RESULTS: Digital computer-assisted technique could clearly show the status of the jaw deformity and assist virtual surgery. After surgery all patients were satisfied with the results. CONCLUSIONS: Digital orthognathic surgery can improve the predictability of the surgical procedure, and to facilitate patients’ communication, shorten operative time, and reduce patients’ pain. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between platelet aggregation rates of aspirin users and intra-socket clotting after extraction of a maxillary tooth with periodontitis LU Meng-meng, ZHUANG Xiao-hua, GAO Yi-ming 2014, 23 (3):  328-332.  Abstract ( 379 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (795KB) ( 188 )   PURPOSE: To explore the optimal platelet aggregation rates (PAgTs) of aspirin users, which can ensure normal intra-socket clotting after extraction of a maxillary tooth with serious periodontitis, and to determine the reasonable time of pre-extraction aspirin suspension. METHODS: Ninety aspirin users (100mg/d) requiring extraction of a maxillary tooth with serious periodontitis were enrolled and divided into anterior tooth group (group A), premolar group (group B) and molar group (group C). Each group contained 10 cases with aspirin continuation, 10 cases with aspirin withdrawal 3 days pre-extraction and 10 cases with 5-day of aspirin withdrawal. After preoperative light transmission aggregometry (LTA) using arachidonic acid (AA) as the inducer to each case, the extractions were preformed. According to the intra-socket clotting classification table (classⅠ indicated normal clotting, classⅡ—Ⅲ indicated successively increasing bleeding amount), the evaluation for each case was implemented and the analysis of the impacts caused by pre-extraction aspirin continuation and suspension on intra-socket clotting was conducted. The research on the best cut-off value of AA-induced PAgT to predict normal post-extraction clotting was also carried out by using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve, SPSS11.6). RESULTS: ① There were 4 cases of ClassⅡin group A (3 without aspirin cessation and 1 with 3-day suspension), 8 in group B (5 without aspirin cessation, 2 with 3-day suspension and 1 with 5-day suspension) and 11 in group C (6 without aspirin cessation, 4 with 3-day suspension and 1 with 5-day suspension). The other cases in 3 groups were ClassⅠ. ② The best cut-off value of AA induced PAgT was 10.15%, 13.25%, 16.5% for group A, B, C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For aspirin users (100mg/d) who will accept extraction of a maxillary tooth with serious periodontitis, a detection of pre-extraction LTA-AA is profitable, AA induced PAgT≥10.15% for an anterior tooth extraction, PAgT≥13.25% for a premolar extraction and PAgT≥16.5% for a molar extraction indicate normal postoperative intra-socket clotting, so aspirin continuation is feasible under such conditions. Otherwise, post-extraction bleeding amount can increase and preoperative aspirin cessation should be considered. The reasonable time of aspirin suspension is 3 days for an anterior tooth extraction and 5 days for a premolar or molar extraction. Additionally, hemostatic measures on the surgical site should be strengthened. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of the mandibular growth phases and quantities in Shanghai adolescents SUN Yan, CHEN Rong-jing, LU Pei-jun, SHEN Gang 2014, 23 (3):  333-336.  Abstract ( 457 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (489KB) ( 188 )   PURPOSE: To study the growth phases and quantities of mandible in Shanghai adolescents. METHODS: The samples included 480 Shanghai adolescents from 8-20 years of age, 240 were male and 240 were female. Both male and female groups were divided into 6 consecutive developmental periods according to cervical vertebral maturation stages. Their cephalometric radiographs were measured and analyzed. Independent-sample t test was conducted by SPSS 15.0 software package. RESULTS: The total mandibular length (Co-Gn) increased significantly from CVMS1 to CVMS2 and CVMS3 to CVMS4 in both male and female group. For male the maximum increase was from CVMS3 to CVMS4 (P<0.01,average 9.54 mm), while female was from CVMS1 to CVMS2(P<0.01,average 9.09 mm). The height of mandibular ramus (Co-Go) increased continuously from CVMS2 to CVMS5 in male group, the significant increase was observed from CVMS2 to CVMS3 (P<0.01, average 8.80 mm). The significant increase in female group was observed from CVMS1 to CVMS2 (P<0.01, average 6.51 mm). In male group, the greatest increase of the mandibular base length (Go-Pog) appeared from CVMS3 to CVMS4 (P<0.01, average 7.55 mm), while in female group, it occurred from CVMS1 to CVMS2 (P<0.01, average 5.73 mm). CONCLUSIONS: The growth amounts of total mandibular length (Co-Gn), mandibular base length (Go-Pog) and ramus length are different at every CVM stages in male and female groups. The present finding will help to make reasonable diagnosis and treatment planning. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A preliminary study on shade matching ability of dental professionals with different background ZHU Guang-yu, SHAN Jun-ling, KUANG Hai, XU Sheng, LUO Li 2014, 23 (3):  337-339.  Abstract ( 157 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (393KB) ( 169 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the difference of shade matching ability of dental professionals with different educational background using toothguide training box (TTB), and provide information for medical esthetics course in dental school. METHODS: Sixty subjects including 20 dental students, 20 prosthodontics technical students and 20 prosthodontics technicians without color blindness were enrolled in this study. Each participant was asked to match 15 standard shade tabs which have been randomly chosen from Vita 3D-Master shade guide. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The scores of dental students, prosthodontics technical students and dental prosthodontics technicians were 834.04±51.66, 859.40±53.31and 888.36±48.54, respectively. There was no significant difference in the sum number of accurate shade matching compared between dental students and prosthodontics technical students (P>0.05), but there was significant difference between dental prosthodontics technicians, prosthodontics technical students (P<0.05), and dental students (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The score of shade matching is significantly different among dental professionals with different background using TTB. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A retrospective analysis of 412 cases of malignant tumors in parotid gland HUANG Hai-tao, LIU Hua-wei, WANG Ru, HU Min 2014, 23 (3):  340-345.  Abstract ( 390 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (772KB) ( 242 )   PURPOSE: To summarize the clinical and imaging features of malignant tumors in parotid gland. METHODS:Four hundred and twelve cases were collected in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery and department of otolaryngology head & neck surgery of general hospital of Chinese PLA and department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of first affiliated hospital of Dalian medical university. RESULTS: The top three malignant tumors were mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma in parotid gland. Of all the collected cases, 73.1% had certain symptoms or recent rapid growth, 58% had tough quality, 66.2% had poor mobility, 32.3% had unclear boundary and 36.8% had pain. Of all cases with imaging examination, 74.2% and 68.7% demonstrated irregular shapes in CT and ultrasound imaging, respectively. The accuracy was 83.7% and 91.8% for fine-needle aspiration cytology and frozen section examination in diagnosis, respectively. The accuracy was 79.4% for frozen section examination in diagnosis of highly malignant tumors in parotid gland. CONCLUSIONS:There are diverse pathological types of malignant tumors in parotid gland. The clinical and imaging features are helpful to diagnosis. The accuracy is high in diagnosis of malignant tumors in parotid gland by fine-needle aspiration cytology and frozen section examination. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Abnormal effect of absolute ethanol sclerotherapy for arteriovenous malformations on hemodynamics JIANG Jue, HUANG Yan, XU Hui, JIANG Hong 2014, 23 (3):  346-349.  Abstract ( 202 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (614KB) ( 207 )   PURPOSE:To observe and analyze the abnormal effect of ethanol sclerotherapy for arteriovenous malformations on hemodynamics. METHODS:Twelve cases of arteriovenous malformations who received absolute ethanol sclerotherapy were chosen. The heart rate, blood pressure, SPO2 and ETCO2 at different times were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Obvious change of HR and BP were observed before and after injection of absolute ethanol into arteriovenous malformation. HR changed from preoperational (82.8±11.5)bpm to the highest (98.8±13.5)bpm, While BP changed from preoperational (98.6±6.5)mmHg/(53.1±3.3)mmHg to the lowest (73.7±6.3)mmHg/(39.3±4.8)mmHg. No change of SPO2 and PETCO2 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Absolute ethanol sclerotherapy for arteriovenous malformation can result in obvious S-shaped change of HR and BP. The actual cause is unknown, but we should pay more attention to the abnormal changes and manage accordingly. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the clinical effects of selective laser melting deposition basal crowns and cobalt chromium alloy base crowns LI Jing-min, WANG Wei-qian, MA Jing-yuan 2014, 23 (3):  350-353.  Abstract ( 179 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (531KB) ( 265 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effects of selective laser melting (SLM) deposition basal crowns and cobalt chromium alloy casting base crowns. METHODS: One hundred and sixty eight patients treated with either SLM deposition basal crowns (110 teeth) or cobalt chromium alloy casting basal crowns (110 teeth) were followed-up for 1 month, 6months, 12months and 24 months. The revised standard of American Public Health Association was used to evaluate the clinical effect of restoration, including the color of porcelain crowns, gingival inflammation, gingival margin discoloration, and crack or fracture. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS 20 software package for Student’s t test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Six cases were lost to follow-up. The patients who were treated with SLM deposition basal crowns (104 teeth) and cobalt chromium alloy casting base crowns (101 teeth) completed the study. Patients were more satisfied with SLM deposition cobalt chromium alloy porcelain crowns. There was 1 prosthesis with poor marginal fit after 24 months of restoration in SLM crowns. There were 6 prostheses with edge coloring and 8 with poor marginal fit in cobalt chromium alloy casting base crowns, which was significantly different between the 2 groups(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SLM deposition copings results in smaller edge coloring and better marginal fit than those of cobalt-chrome copings. Patients are pleased with short-term clinical results. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of extracted site preservation in dental implantation HUANG Guo-wei, ZHUANG Hao, SHEN Hai-ping 2014, 23 (3):  354-355.  Abstract ( 381 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (279KB) ( 299 )   PURPOSE:To introduce the method of extracted site preservation in dental implantation. METHODS:One hundred and fifty implants in 63 patients were placed by minimally invasive extraction, immediate implantation and guided bone regeneration for extracted site preservation. All the patients were followed-up for 1 year. RESULTS:①One hundred and fifty implants were placed successfully according to the criteria. ②Alveolar ridge of extracted site preservation reduced 1 mm in height, buccal-lingual distance in alveolar ridge of extracted site reservation reduced 2 mm; ③The shape of soft tissue was symmetrical. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive extraction, immediate implantation and guided bone regeneration technique can be used to achieve extracted site preservation, which is the key to successful implantation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analgesic effect of DICLORAL on radiation-induced oral mucositis XIE Ning, PANG Jin-song, XU Hua-shun, YU Xiao-li 2014, 23 (3):  356-358.  Abstract ( 452 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (371KB) ( 366 )   PURPOSE: To assess the effects of DICLORAL’s alleviation of pain caused by radiation-induced oral mucositis. METHODS:With compound borax solution as a comparative drugs, the solution of DICLORAL was adopted for patients with radiation-induced oral mucositis due to radiotherapy for nasal NK/T cell lymphoma. All 59 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental group (using DICLORAL) and control group (using Compound Borax Solution). During the treatment, we observed drugs’ ability of alleviate oral pain or pain on swallowing, when it worked and how long it could sustain in controlling pain. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: Drugs’ ability of alleviate oral pain or pain on swallowing and the onset time was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Effective duration in experimental group was longer than that in control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DICORAL can alleviate and cease pain caused by radiation-induced oral mucositis effectively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of angulated periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography in detection of missing root canals FANG Zhu-yi, WANG Qing, YU You-cheng 2014, 23 (3):  359-361.  Abstract ( 329 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (396KB) ( 174 )   PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of angulated periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of missing root canals. METHODS: Before endodontic treatment, 200 teeth were scanned by CBCT and taken conventional periapical radiographs at the routine angle. During the root canal treatment, the radiograph was taken at an angle of 20-30 degree from the mesial or distal of the teeth with files in canal and the diagnosis of missing canals by angulated periapical radiography was compared with the image of CBCT. The data was analyzed using SPSS19.0 software package. RESULTS: Among the 200 teeth, missing canals were displayed in 8 cases by angulated periapical radiography, among which 3 were anterior teeth and 5 were molars. There were 4 anterior teeth and 11 molars with missing canals were found in CBCT. But the difference between the two methods was not significant(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The angulated periapical radiography and CBCT will assist the clinician in detection of missing root canals. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Systematic Review

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Closed suction drainage to prevent postoperative complications after parotidectomy: a systematic review SUN Jun, LI Chun-jie, LI Bo, GAO Qing-hong, MEN Yi, Li Long-jiang 2014, 23 (3):  362-366.  Abstract ( 318 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1136KB) ( 342 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of closed suction drainage for prevention of postoperative complications after parotidectomy. METHODS: Pubmed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Embase, Open Sigle, CBM, VIP and Wanfang database were searched electronically from the date of their establishment to May 10,2013. Hand-searching covering 19 relevant Chinese journals were also performed, and the literature of randomized controlled trials comparing closed suction drainage and open drainage for prevention of postoperative complications after parotidectomy were included. Risk of bias assessment, which was suggested by Cochrane handbook for systematic reviewers of intervention review, and data extraction of included studies were delivered by two reviewers in duplicate; and meta analysis was performed with Revman5.2 software. RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials were included. All studies had unclear risk of bias. When compared with open drainage, closed suction drainage showed a significant advantage on reducing postoperative complications (salivary fistula/effusion, edema ) after parotidectomy; it also improved clinical comprehensive effect and patients’ quality of life (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: To a certain extent, closed suction drainage has better efficacy and safety than controls in preventing postoperative complications after parotidectomy. However, as the quality of some included studies is limited, more randomized controlled trials are needed to reinforce the conclusion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of self-ligating and conventional brackets on dental arch width in non-extraction treatment: a meta analysis ZHANG Dong-ping, LIU Jun, LIU Yang, SUN Na, YI Ji-cui 2014, 23 (3):  367-372.  Abstract ( 279 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1031KB) ( 225 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of self-ligating and conventional brackets on dental arch width in non-extraction treatment. METHODS: Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, PubMed, CBM, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Database and Google scholar were searched from the date of their establishment to May.2013,to find clinical trials about dental arch form changes in non-extraction treatment with self-ligating and conventional brackets. The quality of the included studies was assessed by two reviewers independently, and Meta analysis was performed using Sata10.0 software package. RESULTS: Finally’ 8 studies including 364 patients were identified. The results of meta analysis showed there were significant difference between self-ligating and conventional brackets in the upper first premolar width change [WMD=0.724,95%CI(0.288,1.160);PU﹤0.01], lower first molar width change [WMD=0.564,95%CI(0.219,0.909);PL﹤0.01] and upper incisors inclination changes. CONCLUSIONS: Current clinical evidence suggests that there is more increment of the dental width in upper first premolars and the lower first molars using self-ligating brackets than conventional brackets, and self-ligating brackets can superiorly control upper incisor inclination. The results need to be verified via larger and higher quality trial. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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Application of research-based learning for bachelor intern students of stomatology JIANG Yin-hua, TAO Hai-biao, ZHAN Shi-long, YE Min, YAN Jun-jie 2014, 23 (3):  373-376.  Abstract ( 123 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (576KB) ( 212 )   PURPOSE: To apply research-based learning in education of bachelor intern students of stomatology and evaluate its role in promoting the comprehensive quality of the students. METHODS: Sixty students from grade 2007 and 2008 in school of stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University were enrolled in this study. Thirty of them were randomly selected into a group for research-based learning, while the others were taught with traditional teaching mode. Survey and assessment of the teaching effect was performed after the course. Independent t test was employed to evaluate the differences with SPSS16.0 software package. RESULTS: No significant difference of exam results was revealed between the two groups. Questionnaire survey showed a good evaluation for the teaching mode and the teachers in the group research-based learning, but the evaluation of mastering research capability was lower. CONCLUSIONS: Research-based learning mode promotes the study interest and comprehensive quality of the students. No evidence of interference with mastering clinical skills is disclosed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review Article

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The relationship between the movement type during retracting the anterior teeth and the external apical root resorption and its evaluation methods YANG Xue, QIAN Yu-fen 2014, 23 (3):  377-380.  Abstract ( 317 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (474KB) ( 243 )   External apical root resorption was a common phenomenon associated with orthodontic treatment. The reported incidence ranged from 0% to 100%. It was caused by several factors, which could be mainly divided into biological and mechanical aspects. Biological factors included genetic susceptibility, systemic diseases, gender and medication intake. Mechanical factors consisted of the magnitude of orthodontic force, force type and duration, types of tooth movement, as well as excessive tooth movement. This review discussed the relationship between the movement type during retracting the anterior teeth and the external apical root resorption and its evaluation methods. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Case Reports

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Temporomandibular joint ankylosis caused by systemic (distal) infection: A case report and literature review YUAN Shi-qing, DONG Rui, LI Tian-zhong, HU Min, LIANG Li-min, MA Jun-li, TAO Ye 2014, 23 (3):  381-384.  Abstract ( 274 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (732KB) ( 241 )   There were many causes for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis including infection, trauma, degenerative changes and space-occupying lesion. This article reported a case of bilateral TMJ ankylosis caused by systemic (distal) infection. A 35-year old female patient complained of difficulty of opening mouth for about 20 years. She developed abscess in several places all over the body including bilateral TMJ 20 years ago. CT indicated that the condylar process was fused with the temporal bone. The patient was treated with resection of bilateral condylar/coracoid process and total joint prosthesis replacement. The maximal incisal opening was 2.5 cm 3 months post operation. The patient obtained a satisfied function of eating and speaking. References | Related Articles | Metrics